Investigation Of Shandong Rural Economy In 1927-1937

The topography of Shandong province is very complex,it has both ocean and land, there are plenty of natural resources to be a big agricultural province. Nanjing national government was engaged in developing economy from 1927 to 1937, this is "golden decade". Nanjing national government established its rule in Shandong in 1928,in the same time,harassment never interrupt while soldiers bandits. This is the natural and social environment of the rural area of Shandong province from 1927 to 1937.Land is the foundation of rural economy, land quantity is the basis of farmers'stratum. Land of Shandong rural are decentralized to owner-peasants, also exists serious uneven distribution of the phenomenon. When the amount of land and population not harmonious, they will according to the actual needs of land and labor deployment. Landlord will put less land rent, the tenant part to charge land rent; Peasant households who have less land will take on lease land from landlord, and some Peasant households let surplus labor, earn wages for others, the helper was just produced tenancy system and employment system. Shandong farmers'burden is heavy, the most important is land rent and land tax. The tenants not only pay rent to landlords, but also have responsibility of the labor rent. Tax on farmland still have all sorts of surtax, general purpose is more than the total of the land tax.Economy of Shandong rural has strong times color, agricultural production gradually the commercialization, produce all types and prices on the world market as the direction. Firstly, crop planting structure changes. Along with market demand for industrial raw material increased, farmers grow more materials, even seized the cropland. Secondly, agricultural price was unstable. Under the influence of world economic crisis of capitalism, agricultural and land prices fall, a lot of farmers abandon their lands. All of this influenced the development of the rural economy in Shandong province. Due to the limited incomes, and crop planting with seasonal, so farmers often in slack season to increase in sideline income, rural sidelines also involved in a swirl of capitalist economy with the change of the market, and ups uncertain. Rural is a small society, according to different needs among farmers will need circulation between substance and capital, especially in emergencies or no rice cooking it, it will be heading for lending path. They will first to relatives and mutual organization, when the road loan won't work, can only turn to usury. In our impression, usury is cruel, but we also cannot ignore the importance of usury in rural. High interest is terrible, but if they do not borrow usury, farmers cannot maintain their lives, especially in the 1930s when rural financial exhaustion, there was no usury for farmers. We can say, usury was also valuable for farmers.Because of differences between landform and geographical in different areas, so the rural economy presents different appearance, this differences embodied in mountainous countryside and plain countryside, mainland rural and coastal rural, rural comparison in their ideas, farmers and agricultural land reclamation rate aspects of mode of operation showed great difference to the rural economy, through the analysis of the regional differences of Shandong, can deepen understanding of rural economy. Of course, there were some problems in rural economy of Shandong province, such as natural disasters frequently, agricultural backward in technology and unfair phenomenon in business, this needs mobilization of the government, social organizations and farmers, in accordance with scientific principles, improved rural of Shandong province. There were many scholars and enthusiasts put forward plans for rural economy, and its feasibility is questionable, because these programs involving contradiction between government and farmers, and the essence of system in concrete implementation process will encounter all sorts of obstacles.In the course of the development of the rural economy, ten years is transient, the development of rural economy throughout 1927 to 1937, but the present stage development contexts: before the capitalist world economic crisis, Shandong rural follow the original rail in the feudal exploitation and commodity economy under the dual role of development. The rural acute crisis was outbreak under the impact of excessive production in 1932, the rural economy was declined. Through various efforts, rural economic recovery beginning around in 1934, but the trend was interrupted by the Anti-Japanese War.