A Number Of Issues Of Central Bureaucracy Of The Western Zhou Dynasty

The problem of ancient Chinese official system is an important aspect of the political history research and has always been take seriously by scholars. The official system of western zhou dynasty has a connecting link function in Chinese ancient history, thus position is very outstanding. Although the Zhouli detail the official system of western zhou dynasty, we shouldn't believe this book because it is composed by people of period of the Warring States and isn't the historical facts of western zhou dynasty. Therefore, it is very necessary that we rely on Jinwen material to research the problem of western zhou dynasty official system. On the basis of previous studies, this paper is mainly in the following three aspects of central official system of western zhou dynasty by combining with document and Jinwen material.First,it is the classification problems of central official system. The highest official in western zhou dynasty is ruling Qingshi. It is the leader of officials and manipulate affairs of state。At thesame time, the governments can devided internal and external parts. The external governments are named civil official systems that comprised three departments:Situ, Sima and Sikong system which manage civil services, Sishi and Sikou system which manage judicial businesses and Shiguan system which manage military affairs. And the internal governments include god service systems that are comprised by official historians and augurs and royalty service systems that consist of Zai, Taibao, Gongzu, Donggong and so on.Second, it is the problem of Gongqing. It is not much basis that there exist Sangong Jiuqing in the Western Zhou Dynasty which is said by Ban Gu in the "Han·Baiguan Gongqing table". This thesis should be the attached saying by later scholars. In the Western Zhou period, the meaning between Gong and Qing is not the same.Gong is used as the he honorific title about the ruler and elder in the dynasty. And Qing is not the official position, which represents rank. The general appellation is Bo. To a certain extent, Gong and Bo could be in common use.But the Gong are used frequently in order to highlight their status in the dignity, which is still a kind of honorific title in the areas out.Third, it is the problem of features of central official system. The bureaucratic establishments of Western Zhou Dynasty copy from Shang Dynasty and influence the next start later dynasty. The Central Official characteristics can be summarized as follows:First, it copy and process with Official System of the Shang dynasty. Second, military combine with politics and civil combine military. Third, the bureaucratic establishments exist hereditary system. Fourth, the appointment of government officials need to process a certain ceremony. Fifth, historians occupy an important position in the dynasty.