A Study Of The New Official Newspapers In The Late Qing Dynasty

The New Deal reform at the end of Qing Dynasty was an important part of the political reform in modern China,the official media was a new thing emerging in the reform period.The establishment of the new-style official newspaper constructed the official communication system of the Qing court,which played the role of public opinion propaganda and civilizing the public.The actual operation of the new-style official newspaper,such as the beginning and end of its establishment,the content,the power behind the operation and the construction of the communication network,not only reflects the process of the mutual influence and entanglement between media and politics,but also reflects the dilemma of compatibility between the "new" and "old".The formation of the official newspaper thought was deeply influenced by the multiple ideas of internal and external,old and new.The communication system of ancient China provided the internal foundation for the formation of the new official newspaper thought.The introduction of western newspaper broke the monopoly of official information and shaped a new environment of public opinion.Influenced by this,the rulers agreed to run an official newspaper to make information public.The cognition of official newspapers has been formed in the practice of running newspapers,and thel experience of Japanese official newspapers has been used for reference.The first batch of official newspapers,represented by Guanshujubao,were launched around the 1898 Movement.After the Qing government announced the New Deal reform in 1901,the local official newspapers represented by Beiyang Official newspaper and Nanyang Official newspaper became models and were popularized throughout the country.Around the time of "Preparatory Constitutional reform" in1906,the number and types of new-style official newspapers in various places increased,ushering in the peak of local official newspapers.In 1907,after the establishment of the official newspaper of the central government,the Political Official newspaper became the first official newspaper of the central government for the public dissemination.After the establishment of the Cabinet in 1910,the Political Official newspaper was changed to Cabinet Official newspaper.The new-style official newspaper became the organ of publishing legal orders and began to have administrative attributes.The content,personnel and communication of the new official newspaper are intertwined with the struggle between old and new forces,ideas and management modes.The most important feature of the public opinion dissemination of the new official newspapers is that they waver in the new and old ideas.Newspapers involved many topics,such as education reform,reforming atmosphere and "Preparatory Constitutional reform",which were hot discussed at that time.They propagandized advanced ideas and ideas and tried to further promote the reform.However,in essence,the official newspaper purporting to instill new ideas and new wisdom carried out the idea of "Chinese learning as the fundamental structure",and used the way of association to transform western learning into Chinese traditional culture,aiming to serve the old system with new ideas.The personnel structure of the official newspaper bureau is restricted by three forces: the internal organization of the newspaper bureau,governor—central power and the civil society.The bureau has made strict rules and regulations,the chief editor can lead the content orientation in a certain range.Local official newspaper is established by relying on the governor's administrative resources.The governor can decide the personnel change,content and subject matter of the newspaper bureau,and the newspaper is the governor's mouthpiece.At the same time,the central government also tried to control the official media,changing the nature of official newspapers from media to administrative organs.However,when the official newspaper bureau began to set foot in the printing industry,it gradually occupied the production space of the private printing industry,causing opposition from the private industrial and commercial owners.The use and contention of the new and old forces throughout the development of the new official newspaper reflects the complexity and multi-faceted nature of the political reform.Until 1911,China had established a complete propaganda system of official newspapers,which covered all aspects from space to content.This achievement has much to do with the distribution system.Ordering official newspapers has become a political task for officials at all levels.With the help of the postal system,the new official newspapers have realized "localization" in just ten years.The government also expanded the spread of official newspapers and introduced them to the people by means of propaganda,reading newspapers and the establishment of vernacular official newspapers.However,these promotion measures have ignored the real situation such as the shortage of finance,manpower and material resources,leading to the difficulties of the official newspapers and bureaus.In the process of distribution of the official newspaper,the official newspaper bureau not only has constant friction with the grass-roots government and officials,but also has conflicts with the new post office,sometimes there is a phenomenon of mutual prevarication,which leads to many disadvantages in the process of newspaper promotion.The development of new-style official newspaper shows the dilemma of the conflict between "new" and "old" in the New Deal reform.With the support of the reform policy,the new-style official newspaper can be issued and disseminated rapidly and in large numbers in a new media form,but the inertia of the bureaucratic system itself drags down the subsequent development of the newspaper,causing a series of financial and distribution crises.The contradictions and conflicts between the "new" and "old" not only appeared in the life course of the new official newspaper,but also reflected in all aspects of the New Deal reform,which reflected the complicated situation that the official government was eager for reform but difficult to overcome in the era of the transition between the "new" and "old".