Han Emperor Wu Of Han Hungary During The War Strategy Study

Historians have long been concerned with the strategic issues of war between Hunnen and Han dynasty other than the tactical studies. The literature about strategy and tactics issues of war between Hunnen and Han dynasty is mainly general-description based and study results are mostly focused upon Western Han dynasty, while the monograph and dissertations on this topic are rather limited. Since the main problems existed are deficiencies, omissions and errors of contents etc, this paper avoid the up-mentioned lack of historical materials and specialized in the strategies and tactics.In research methodology, this paper consults and deliberates over parts of historical data, collects them and attempts to find new historical discoveries. In addition to study, classify, analyze, and conclude the first and second hand data, the part of study will draw archaeological materials which produce the base of emergence of strategy and tactic to process detailed research except to summary the characteristics and study results of theme of this paper.This paper emphasizes on two major topics:analyze political and economic basic of the both sides, explain the reasons of wars between both, analyze strategic thinking of both in terms of equipment of military establishment and hardware, reveal the tactic reasons for the victory of western Han dynasty. Based on the study theme and purpose of this paper, the directions of discussion are classified as following:To begin with, this paper analyzes the natural environment of northern region of fanning herd crisscross in China which is appropriate for both nomadism and fanning. For a long time in history, this region has been the contested zone between Han and Hunnen, Emperor Han Wu's fighting against Hun is the continuation of such scramble.Secondly, this paper outlines the economic condition of Hunnen which is characterized as nomadism. The base of nomadic economy is domestic animal whose growth and products determine Hun's economy features. All of Hun is centered on livestock. Major principles of nomadic migration are the following three points:firstly, the fountainhead condition of meadowland, secondly, the pasture condition of meadowland, thirdly, environmental condition of meadowland. No matter which type of nomadism patterns to take, people have to consider these three factors which are also one of the determinants of Hun's strategies and tactics. In addition, this paper dissertates the influence that the features of Hun's nomadic economy have impacted on its military. Hun's nomadic life makes soldiers to have tough mind and the pattern of Hun's diet has lessened the difficulties of logistics suppliers which raised the battle capacity, long period of hunting activities has improved the skills at tactics which stemmed from hunting activities. This paper also analyzes the economic factors of Hun's external plunder behaviors, hostile environment and inadequacy of human resources made the external plunder of livelihood and people to be the main purpose. Plundering is the means to complement productivity of nomadic people on which point differs a lot with agriculture civilization.What's more, this paper analyzes the Hun's nomadic economy's influence on its politics. Firstly, group of nomadic people is small and social structure loose for large required district of livelihood and cattle volume cannot be too big. Secondly, mobility of nomadism made control force of nation rather weak and thus the means to maintain sovereign are based on distribution of war trophies and divide grazing land. Thirdly, the critical factor of nomadism is not the ownership of land rather than the usage right of land in a certain period of time. So the consequence of land's distribution, effect of land's distribution made Hun's military organization and each king has his own land and loosened social structure further more. Pressure of population occurred after the accumulation of human beings and cattle. In all, political structure is a kind of loosened ones which is fundamentally different from traditionally believed agriculture autocratic centralization.Besides, this paper discusses weaponry of Hun and supposes that there is a relative large disparity between Hun's and western Han's which is resulted from backward of handicraft industry. In the meantime, the offensive strategy of light cavalry troops that give priority to long-distanced weapons can not combat to the heavy cavalry of western Han.Furthermore, this paper also analyzes military establishment and weaponry during Emperor Wudi of western Han dynasty period, just as the up-mentioned Sun Jiazhai Chinese documents reflected "military, school, ministry, music, officer (solider), team, squad, column" eight grades. Every branch consists of five people a procession, ten people a column, that is fifty, one hundred of officers, two hundreds of people playing music, four hundreds of people as ministry, two thousands of people in school, forty thousands of military. On the aspect of equipment, this paper also discusses long-distance attack weapon, long-pole weapon, close range weapon attack weapon and protect weapon, the form and distribution of weaponry in western Han dynasty. It proposes that weapon equipment and military configuration is superior to the Hun's for the both sides.Last but not least, this paper discusses constraints and manifestation of strategic ideas of both sides'. Firstly, the districts that both sides jostled for are suitable for human's living because of the moderate environment and its appropriation for agriculture. Secondly, Hun has the natural enthusiasm to extent the new rangeland as its economic characteristics; both large and small scale of inversion to western Han for the sporadic features which is not a sort of strategy but the effect of political structure. The aim at large scale inversion is to grab trophy and consolidate sovereign of Hun's ruler, the small scale is the spontaneous plunder of lower level rulers which is to enlarge the numbers of their herd, complement inadequacy of human resources for production of nomadic economy and loss caused by extreme disastrous climate. Thirdly, in the specific battles, Hun's military belongs to light cavalry and western Han's heavy cavalry and infantry. The infantry grasp the advanced standoff weapon such as crossbow which grantee the advantage in the battle, and what's more, strategic ideas of both give full play to advantages of arms. The choice of strategy to large scale soldiers and strategic thinking of "March when it is to Hun's advantage, retreat when it comes to disadvantages" is rooted in different arms.In a nutshell, the determinant of strategic thinking is the difference of form of economy and living environment rather than the so-called nature of favor of war of Hunnen nor the crave for greatness and success of Emperor Han Wu. Both victory and defeat is rooted in the Western Han dynasty which is represented by the farming culture advantages over the Huns which stands for nomadic culture.