| From the beginning of 1990s, while the macro foreign trade industry kept developing, most state-owned foreign trade enterprises were suffering from management difficulties. In this paper, based on the theory of enterprise competitive strategy and enterprise theory, the author analyzed systematically the problems that puzzle the state-owned foreign trade enterprise and presented solutions. The main objects discussed in this article are 'sheer state-owned foreign enterprises', which means the enterprises specialize on foreign trade without manufacturing activities. The findings of this research also do some help to the state-owned enterprises whose business include foreign trade as well as manufacturing.Chapter 1 Introduction of the enterprise competitive strategy theoryThe main problem discussed in the theory of enterprise competitive strategy is how to maintain their advantage in competition. Before 1990, most studies of this theory are focused on business operation. Porter's general theory of competitive strategy is the most conclusive one in this period. Porter mapped the enterprise organization theory on his analysis of the five underlying forces that affect the competition and presented three basic approaches---overall cost leadership, differentiation and focus---as well as the feasible conditions. But in Porter's theory, enterprises are viewed as a kind of "hardcore". Porter put emphasize on the problems that enterprises met in the market competition, while overlooked the inner construction of the enterprises.After 1990, the theory of enterprise competitive strategy based on resources has been developing to maturity. It emphasized the importance of advantageous resource to sustain high position in competition. Enterprises should build a competition advantage triangle, which consists of recourses, operation and management, and ensure the consistency of the three elements. In order to convert advantageous resource to competitive advantage, three requirements need to be met: it must be able to help the products gain marketing advantage, resource scarcity and reasonable distribution of resource profit. The reason that advantageous resource can lead to competitive advantage is it can produce Richardian rent and innovation rent. The Richardian rent is the extra profit produced by scarce resources, while the innovation rent is the extra profit produced by innovative resources. The most useful effect of innovation competence is to help enterprises develop new scarce resource advantage and gain economy rent constantly. Human capital can become a scarce resource as well as principal part of innovation competence.Chapter 2 Human capital, Claim to residue and Competitive AdvantageBased on hypothesis, the neoclassical economics have no reliable firm theory. After the age of Coase, economists gradually turn to the conclusion that firm represents the treaty between the owner of Human capital and others. The function of the firm is to lower the transaction costs on behalf of market treaty. In the circumstances of limited information or information asymmetry, because of the existence of opportunism tendency of limited Homo Economics, firm treaty is incomplete. In order to restrain the opportunism activity of the Human capital owner in the firm and to protect non-Human capital to stay away from maltreatment, in Classical Firm Model the economists endowed the claim toresidue and residual rights of control to the shareholders who are the operator concurrently. In Modern Firm Model, the shareholders stay out of the firm's daily operation, and they have to share the claim to residue with the entrepreneur. Consequently we could deduce that the owners of specialized Human capital who undertake creative work in the firms also are inner persons. They have the facility to control the firm, and their labor, as well as the labor of the entrepreneur, is difficult to assess directly. They are also qualified to share the claim to residue. When the decision-making units leading by the risk-preferen... |
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