China "group" Political

"Small Groups", is a particular organizational model which widespread in Chinese party and government organs at all levels on behalf of Organs for Deliberation and Coordination and Temporary Organs, mainly includes different kinds of names of the leading groups, co-ordination groups, the working groups at all levels and parts of the committees, offices, headquarters and others. "Small Groups" is the specific terms and specific words in Chinese political system and governmental processes, but also one of a number of "special parts" in Chinese political system.From a comparative perspective, in the governmental organizations system of many foreign countries, setting up coordinating bodies and the temporary organs has become a universal means of organizing to deal with inter-departmental coordination affairs and temporary missions. The coordinating organs in government organizational systems of foreign countries, mainly include these four types of broad-based coordinating bodies, special task-based coordinating bodies, compound coordinating bodies and the coordinating bodies for inter-government relations. The temporary organs in government organizational systems of foreign countries, which set based on the relevant laws and decrees in accordance with legislature, executive orders, or legal authority together with executive orders, which types include three categories of under the heads of government directly body, under the highest executive body, or under the departments of ministries and agencies, which organizational structure is characterized by its diversity and part-time structure, alone with the scale of miniaturization, which outcomes include shall be revoked, the long-term existence of "extrajudicial", or upgrade to permanent body by the legal proceedings. In the states of developed political construction, the coordinating and temporary organs in government organizational systems are generally less and operating more standard. This is mainly due to "giant department system" in horizontal government institutions, "heterogeneous responsibility" in intergovernmental scheme, the center of responsibilities lies in consultative, and the emphasize of institutionalization-oriented and procedural management.There are many different kinds of "Small Groups" in Chinese party and government system. Through static analysis based on institution-level, the factors that producing "Small Groups" and making it exist for a long time, mainly include: the structural factors such as "small-sector structure" in horizontal government institutions and "isomorphic responsibility" in intergovernmental scheme, the functional factor of "Single-task and the Pan function", and the institutional factors such as convergence case-management system, the model of deputies in charge of, the system of decision-making by meeting and so on. Their types include as following: they can be divided into a permanent type, stage-based type, or short-term type in accordance with the time of existence, they also can be divided into the "Small Groups" of CPC, the "Small Groups" of administration in accordance with the content of responsibility, they still can be divided into the type of "isomorphic responsibility" and the type of self-owned powers and responsibilities according to the affiliation. Through the dynamic analysis based on the technical-level, the characteristics of organizational structure named the "axis-dependency" in "Small Groups", the existence of "actual situation combined with", and the operation process of "the large amounts of increase and decrease", these three elements together take shape to a unique operating system of "Small Groups".To the special expression in the report at the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China as an opportunity, "Small Groups" began to overall enter into the vision of government institutional reform. "Small Groups" not only plays an active role of making up for conventional treatment means, communicating horizontal information links between the parallel agencies, doing preparations for forming decision-making, and organizing and ensuring the implementation of the policies, it is one of the unique institutional strengths and process advantages in Chinese governmental processes. But it has also brought in some negative effects such as there is no basis and the loose control for set, the arbitrary operation modes, imperfect supervisory and regulatory mechanism, not complete and non-standard abolitions.From the overall layout of government institutional reform, "Small Groups" should maintain synergies with the reform of formal sequence institutions. The overall framework of "Small Groups" to maintain healthy functioning in next steps, can be set to the "one idea" and "two modules": It means first to establish the two premise ideas of reform that understanding the specificity of "Small Groups", and breaking away the "quantitative preferences". Then through two directions of exploring and implementing the "giant department system" reform in horizontal government institutions, and breaking the "isomorphic responsibility" progressively in intergovernmental scheme, combined with from the two dimensions of trying not to set up offices of entities inside, and taking full advantage of the system of day-to-day meetings outside, to control the scales of "Small Groups". Simultaneously through four aspects of perfecting the institutionalization-oriented management, clearing position of responsibilities, strengthen the control of operation processes, and perfecting the supervision system to make its operation optimization. Based on those, the "Small Groups" should gradually transit from an "institution" to a "mechanism" to achieve its full transition in operational modes.