| Distiller's grains-based spent mushroom substrate (SMS) is of high nutrition value. There are residual a number of mycelium. It is rich in protein, amino acids, trace elements, vitamins and a number of biologically active substances such as polysaccharide and triterpenoid. Therefore, SMS feed is worth development. For the purpose of application scientific of SMS in production practice, the content of two kinds of distiller's grains-based SMS and distiller's grains were analyzed. By comparing the composition, the better one was added to the basic diet of ducks. It was studied that the effect of distiller's grains-based SMS in basal diet on growth performance, immune function, intestinal morphology and gut flora in ducks. It provided theoretical basis for the rational use of SMS. The main study results are as follows:1. Analysis on different kinds of compositions of distiller's grains-based spent mushroom substrate. The content of normal nutrition composition (Moisture, CP, EE. CF. Ash and NFE), amino acid (all the amino acid except tryptophan), trace elements (Ca, P. Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr and Fe), vitamin D3, aflatoxin B1; polysaccharide and triterpenoid in spent agrocybe aegerita substrate, spent coprinus comatus substrate and distiller's grains were analyzed. The results showed that:(1) Analysis on nutrition compositions of distiller's grains-based spent mushroom substrate. The result of normal nutrition composition showed that:After cultivated by agrocybe aegerita, the crude protein content of distiller's grains was increased, the crude protein content of spent agrocybe aegerita substrate was high, however, coprinus comatus was no effect on the crude protein content of distiller's grains, the crude protein content of spent coprinus comatus substrate was low. Agrocybe aegerita and coprinus comatus could degrade the crude fiber of distiller's grains, agrocybe aegerita was better than coprinus comatus, however, the crude fiber content of the two kinds of SMS was relatively high. In addition, the content of Moisture, CF, Ash and NFE was high, crude fat content was low in the two kinds of SMS. The result of amino acid showed that:The amino acid content was low. Amino acids and essential amino acids the two kinds of SMS were lower than distiller's grains. The result of mineral elements showed that:the content of constant element of Ca and P were high, the content of trace elements of Zn. Cu, Mn, Cr and Fe were also rich, especially Fe. The result of vitamin showed that:the content of vitamin D3 was high. The content of vitamin D3 in spent agrocybe aegerita substrate was lower than distiller's grains, the content of vitamin D3 in spent coprinus comatus substrate was higher than distiller's grains.(2) Analysis on toxic and harmful compositions of distiller's grains-based spent mushroom substrate. The result of aflatoxin B1 showed that:the content of aflatoxin Bi was lower than the safety limit standard, the two kinds of SMS and distiller's grains were good safety.(3) Analysis on biologically active compositions of distiller's grains-based spent mushroom substrate. The methods of water extracting-alcohol precipitating were optimized through orthogonal test. According to the optimal extracting technological conditions, the yield of crude polysaccharide in the two kinds of SMS and distiller's grains were extracted. Phenol-Sulphate acid method was used to detect the content of total sugar in crude polysaccharide. DNS method was used to detect the content of reducing sugar in crude polysaccharide. Color reaction method was used to identify triterpenoid. With Oleanolic acid as standard, vanillin-perchloric acid colorimetric method was used to determine triterpenoid content. The result of extraction and determination of Polysaccharides showed that:the optimal extracting technological conditions were as follows:the liquid ratio was 1: 30, the extraction temperature was 90℃, the extraction time was 4 hours.The content of polysaccharide in spent agrocybe aegerita substrate and spent coprinus comatus substrate respectively were 0.39%and 0.47%. which was lower than distiller's grains (1.36%). The result of qualification and determination of triterpenoid showed that:the triterpenoid was detected in the spent agrocybe aegerita substrate and its content was 0.06%. The triterpenoid was detected in spent coprinus comatus substrate and distiller's grains.2. The effect of distiller's grains-based SMS in basal diet on growth performance, immune function, intestinal morphology and gut flora in ducks. Three hundred and twenty one-day-old Tianfu ducks were randomly divided into 4 groups, control group was fed basal diet, test groupⅠ,ⅡandⅢwere fed basal diets added 2%.4%and 6%spent coprinus comatus substrate respectively. Trial period was 28 days. To calculate average daily gain, average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio, weighed the weight and recorded the intake of each group of ducks weekly. Three ducks were randomly selected in each repetition at 14 d,21 d, and 28 d age. The spleen, thymus and bursa were removed. Anticoagulation was collected in jugular vein. Five centimeters of ileum was clipped. The contents in caecum were isolated in sterile condition. The immune organ indices, mitogenic response of lymphocyte, ileum villus height, crypt depth and the change of the number of gut flora were determined. The results showed that:(1) To study the effect of spent coprinus comatus substrate in basal diet on growth performance in Tianfu ducks. The results showed that:Compared with control group, basal diets supplemented with 2%,4%and 6%spent coprinus comatus substrate improved significantly average daily feed intake (P＜0.05) and average daily weight gain of the first two weeks (P<0.05), had no significant effects on average daily weight gain of the last two weeks (P>0.05), decreased rate of feed to gain a little (P>0.05).2%spent coprinus comatus substrate had the best effect by considered comprehensively.(2) To study the effect of spent coprinus comatus substrate in basal diet on immune function in Tianfu ducks. The results showed that:basal diets supplemented with 2%,4% and 6%spent coprinus comatus substrate were no significant effects on immune organs indices and mitogenic response of lymphocyte (P>0.05).(3) To study the effect of spent coprinus comatus substrate in basal diet on intestinal morphology in Tianfu ducks. The results showed that:compared with control group, ileum villus height and crypt depth decreased in test group ducks on 14 days of age, V/C value decreased too in test group ducks on 28 days of age. Spent coprinus comatus substrate in basal diet hurt intestinal morphology in some extent.2%spent coprinus comatus substrate had the smallest form of injury.(4) To study the effect of spent coprinus comatus substrate in basal diet on gut flora in Tianfu ducks. The results showed that:compared with control group, ileum villus height and crypt depth decreased in test group ducks on 14 days of age, V/C value decreased too in test group ducks on 28 days of age. The number of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli increased significantly in test group I and II ducks than control group on 14 and 21 days of age (P<0.05). There were no significant effects on the number of E.coli. The spent coprinus comatus substrate in basal diet could improve gut flora. Basal diets supplemented with 2%and 4%spent coprinus comatus substrate promoted the growth of gut flora in certain. |
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