The Study Of Changing Border Areas From The Tribal Chieftainship System To The Standard Chinese Bureaucratic System In Gannan Tibetan Areas At Republic Of China Time

The origin of the Tibetan people who live in Gannan can be traced back to the time of Tubo dynasty. After the war between Tubo and Tang, Tubo captured wide areas including the Tibetan areas of Gannan now. A large number of Tibetan tribes migrated from west to east into the territory of Gannan until the decline of the Tubo Dynasty. Widespread Tibetan remaining tribes were the foundation of forming Gannan Tibetan areas.The tribal system came into being gradually in the tribal formation and development process.Yuan government conferred Tusi or Tuguan to many Tibetan tribal leaders for the effective management of Tibet after its establishment. Tusi System began to put in force in Gannan Tibetan areas. But the Tusi system in Gannan was not like Tusi system in other places. Their Tusi system was still based on tribal system. The two system to combine into Tribal Tusi system. Ming and Qing dynasties time the central government still use Tusi system to manage Tibetan. Under the principle called "due to customs and rule", they conferred many Tusi and clerics to manage local government. Monk programmed system, caesaropapism,Tusi system and tribal system were crowd together and became the unique management style in Gannan. Like Zhuoni Tusi, Houjiasi monasteries monk programmed system and Labrang caesaropapism.After establishment of Republic of China, Tusi syststem was still implemented in Gannan, because of its conflict with the national government administrative system, the government began to implement bureaucratization of native officers the policy in Gannan areas. But it's not easy to implement a new policy because the Tusi system was there for very long time, plus the issues from nationality and religion. After Ma warlord garrisoned from Qinghai to Tibetan areas of Gannan. He caused many wars and made waves there. So the policy was ended with no effect. Throughout the bureaucratization of native officers policy in Gannan areas of the time of Republic of the China, although the Government has established Counties to manage the its areas. but because of the incomplete bureaucratization of native officers policy, appeared a situation with many jurisdictional systems.This article contains four main chapters, The brief outline of content as follow:Chapter 1: reviewed of the origin of the Tibetan tribes of Gannan and the situation how they distributive. And the introduction of some policy in Gannan at the time of Republic of the China.Chapter 2: reviewed the jurisdictional systems in Gannan before the bureaucratization of native officers the policy. Discussed the Tusi system and unification of the state and the church.Chapter 3: analyzed the background of the bureaucratization of native officers policy and Heicuo Conference in Gannan. Base on that searched the reasons for bureaucratization of native officers and protective system.Chapter 4: discussed the reasons of why bureaucratization of native officers policy couldn't put in force.This article by the way of studying the reasons why bureaucratization of native officers policy couldn't put in force in the Tibetan areas of Gannan, hoping can open out the administration for frontier at the time of Republic of the China in order to reproduce the original look of the history.