The Liaodong Peninsula Towns Of The Ming And Qing Dynasties System Evolution Studies

Since Beijing was chosen as the capital of Ming and Qing Dynasties, Liaodong became Beijing's environ with obvious improvement on its position which attached magnitude to the establishment of urban system. An analysis to the development and its reasons of the urban system here can help us understand the force for the change of urban system and the influence to the development of modern city system under distinct social background and administrative regulations.The paper, based on the main concept of modern city geography---urban system, together with historical documents, analyzed the manifestation, character and reasons of the rise and development of towns in Liaodong Peninsula in Ming and Qing Dynasties which was influenced by political situation, geographical environment, human migration, communication development and village vicissitudes.Chapter1discussed the regional characters of Liaodong Peninsula in history:the water communication line connecting Central Plain, South and Northeast, the protective screen and foundation of capital Beijing, and the passageway for ambassadors'tribute in ancient times but big powers'invasion in modern times.Chapter2discussed the urban system of Liaodong Peninsula in early Ming Dynasty including cities and strongholds in distinct function and classes such as troop-stationing city, defense outpost, pillbox, mound and strategic pass which were established according to defense, military supplies for cultivation and post road transport. The size of the three troop-stationing cities in early Ming Dynasty degraded like this:Jinzhou whose main duty was defense, Gaizhou, better military resource supply, and Fuzhou. Lvshun pass, Xiaojia island pass, Lianyun island pass and Liangfangkou pass were the relatively important military passes of the Dynasty. And south post main road connecting Liaoyang and Lvshun pass was the main road of Liaodong Peninsula. Additional, there were some first class ommunacation lines for connecting defense and resource area. Lvshun and liangfang were main ports.Chapter3discussed the urban system of Liaodong Peninsula in early Qing Dynasty. During the period, whether Banner garrison cities or common county cities carried on the troop stationing cities of Ming but also with a lot abandonce from address selection to layout. The Manchu yamens from Xiongyue, Gaiping, Fuzhou and Ninghai managed and governed one city together only with difference in the range of specific jurisdiction objects. Gaiping had an obvious character in economic development, while Xiongyue and Fuzhou had more emphasis on military garrison. The post road degraded greatly at the time, while Gaiping area went deeper in social management and economic recovery, becoming the actual central city of Liaodong Peninsula.Chapter4discussed the urban system of Liaodong Peninsula in late Qing. Several towns were settled in eastern coastal area which changed the uneven area development situation of Liaodong Peninsula. All the central cities had a trend to get closer and closer to the harbor, while the population distribution mainly in Gaiping county in early Qing transferred to Dalian with a great number of Japanese migration as the obvious change of population compositions at this time. The economical function was heightened. Yingkou and Andong were the main trade harbors before the establishment of railroads, while after railroads build, South Manchuria railroad became the main line in Liaodong Peninsula, connecting with Dalian port and the new communication web formed.Though the comprehensive comparison on the complete development picture of town system in Liaodong Peninsula in different period, we could know that the change of social nature had the most important influence on the four elements of town city, while the specific historical situation in different times restricted the display degree of the four elements.