The Hisotry Of Legitimizing The Procedures Of Labor Emigrants To Overseas In Qing Dynasty

Chinese labors had been going oversea ever since ancient times .Due to a small population , they were not severely inspected by successive governments since the policy"Going oversea is forbidden"implemented by the government of the Ming Dynasty .Chinese labors had gone oversea on large scale since the first Opium War during which west powers broke open a door of labor supply for their own interest .With a deteriorating national power after the Second Opium War , government of the Qing Dynasty was obliged to recognize it legal for westerners to recruit labors in China in an official form of treaties .Since then , the process of legalization of Chinese labors going oversea was gradually legalized and standardized . Based on the attitude and relevant policies of the government of the Qing Dynasty towards Chinese labors going oversea .The process of legalization is a very long process , from initial unwinding the formulation of hire articles to later , then later passport ,the emergence of every move is so difficult . At that time , weak Qing government without diplomacy , but western states become strong and strong Propelled by the industrial revolution , if Qing government want to still as "the middle kingdom " as its interests is impossible . But some entities and officials of Qing government at all levels through hard bargaining with the western countries has made some achievements , it is really valuable for Qing Dynasty .This paper attempts to analyze the Chinese government attitudes towards overseas labors and the implementation of the hire policy, from the background of international relations to study this phenomenon and take it as an important relations between China and foreign countries when deal with foreign affairs rather than simply just the internal affairs of pure Chinese policy. This paper take the negotiations between Chinese and the western countries as the main line , through the analyses attitudes of the central government and the local governments at all levels in Qing dynasty government, foreign governments, foreign consular and minister in different periods , etc , to display different policy in different periods of south China clarifying the gradual processes from chaos to legalization .