| It is of theoretical and practical significance to analyze national defense R&D investment from the perspective of civil-military integration and explore its content, supporting method, basic thought and realizational approach. Civil-military integration of national defense R&D investment, referred to the complex relations between national defense system, economic system and social system, is a stative condition rather than the process. It is also a set of corresponding concepts, 'Military' and 'Civil', which are used together without any fixed form or content. On the whole, it is a balanced notion that contains civil-military integration both in investors and investment motives.The development of national defense R&D investment based on civil-military integration is successful experience of major countries' national defense construction and economic construction around the world. It is not only the urgent requirement, which is fit for the new military revolution in the world and is accelerating the modernization of national defense and the armed forces, but also the need of reality in transforming the economic development pattern as well as promoting scientific development. In addition, it will exert a good impact on the fine and sustainable development of national security and economy. The feasibility of national defense R&D investment based on civil-military integration is shown as follows: increasing reinforcement in compatibility of military and civil technology; the same economic drive factors for investors; favorable conditions brought by private enterprises with the obvious development advantages; relevant market and systematic environment under formation. It is characterized by diversified source of investment, diversified motives of investment and strategic investment decision-making. To sum up, such national defense R&D investment has considerable economic benefits as well as non-negligible military benefits and social functions.The main powers in the world have almost adapted the development mode of civil-military integration to develop their national economy, and in light of the shift of international security environment and national interests, three forms are presented "military into civilian", "civilian to serve in the armed forces" and "application both in military and civilian". The model of "military-driven civilian" has been utilized by U.S. national defense R&D investment to implement many outstanding plans, such as "Manhattan Project", "The Apollo Program", "Star Wars Program" and "The Information Super Highway" for the promotion and propelling of development in its nuke industry, spaceflight, computer, GPS, Internet and other high-tech industries. In Japan, the way of "civilian first" and "civilian in appearance" has mainly been chosen in the progress of strategic industry development in order to aim at future high-tech and form strong strength and economic foundation in science & technology for their national defense construction. "Galileo Program" in Europe is the development project of global navigation service, which has promoted the related industries and enhanced the capability of European defense and security. Meanwhile, the mode of "military into civilian" in Russia, "military-driven civilian" in Israel and "military products first" in India all have the same purpose as that in Europe. Considering the classification of the type of national defense R&D investment, three modes can be adopted respectively to realize the character of civil-military integration, which are "inlaid model", "interactive model" and "supporting model". Supporting model, is a model to invest state-owned enterprises directly when government deciding to carry out some activities on the basis of national defense technology output. Inlaid model is that government, by means of national defense R&D task bidding, signs contracts with non-stated owned enterprises for sake of ordering their products. Interactive model if possible, can be used between these two situations. Based on applied economic models, scale of national defense R&D and level of social optimation demand can be compared both in civil-military integration and civil- military separation. On the other hand, the best scale of national defense R&D can also be maximized through social welfare and the developmental coordination can realized on on the basis of affordability of society and economy. Finally, several countermeasures to achieve civil-military integration of national defense R&D investment are provided, i.e., R&D investment enhancement, fast multi-accumulation of national defense R&D capitals, capital structure optimization, comprehensive improvement of national defense research investment benefits, diversified sources of investment of balanced supply and demand, system perfection, laws and regulations making, two-way transformations to widen channel of achievement sharing by the military and civilian. |
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