| Chaenomeles, with long cultivating history in China, has greatly wild cultivars resources and broadprospects. But improved variety production and directive breeding is poor. Using Chaenomeles resources inShandong Province as materials, chaenomeles germplasm genetic diversity and selective improved varietyon fruit-use was studied in this paper. The results are as follows:1. Utilizing the AFLP molecular marker technology to analyze genetic diversities and patterns ofgenetic structure of the40chaenomeles varieties (including Chaenomeles speciosa with6main cultivars,3new varieties and10hybrid varieties and Chaenomeles sinensis with16main cultivars,1new varieties and4hybrid varieties). This work will establish the molecular basis for chaenomeles classification and theidentification of improved varieties.The7PstI/MseI primers combinations produce a total of1195bands, among which there are1195polymorphic bands with the average of170.7bands. The percentage of polymorphism is100%. It showsthe high germplasm genetic diversity of Chaenomele. The primers combinations produce a total of822polymorphic bands with the average of117.4for Chaenomeles speciosa. The percentage of polymorphismis between63.02%～81.33%with ithe average of68.79%. The primers combinations produce a total of1045polymorphic bands with the average of149.3for Chaenomeles sinensis. The percentage ofpolymorphism is between77.33%～94.71%with ithe average of87.45%.7primers combinations produce210single bands and5absent bands, totally215specific bands.Among them60specific bands(58single bands and2absent bands) are for Chaenomeles speciosa and155specific bands(152single bands and3absent bands) is for Chaenomeles sinensis.4genetic diversity parameters (Na、Ne、H、I)of forty chaenomeles cultivars in individual level arehigher than in the each species.4genetic diversity parameters of Chaenomeles speciosa are higher than ofChaenomeles sinensis. So the genetic diversity level is: individual level＞Chaenomeles sinensis＞Chaenomeles speciosa. The Ht、Hs、Gst、Nm are0.2019、0.1712、0.1502、2.9677respectively. Of theminterspecific genetic variation occupys15.02%of total variation and intraspecific genetic variation occupys84.98%of total variation.There are genes communication between the two species. The genetic similaritycoefficient of the two species are between0.8883and0.9621with the average of0.9257. The geneticdistance are between0.0386and0.1185with the average of0.0723. This shows that there was variation ininterspecies, but they also have heigh similarty and small genetic distance. The similarity coefficient of the forty chaenomeles cultivars are from0.1795to0.8088with theaverage of0.4610. The similarity coefficient of Chaenomeles sinensis are from0.3702to0.8088with theaverage of0.7545. The similarity coefficients of Chaenomeles speciosa are from0.2527to0.6741with theaverage of0.5654. The Chaenomeles sinensis cultivars has closed genetic relationship, while theChaenomeles speciosa cultivars has a distant relationship. There are high similarity coefficients betweenthe new Chaenomeles sinensis cultivar ‘Cuilv’ and ‘Yipinxiang’,‘Qingxiu’and ‘Hongxia’,‘Jinxiu’and‘Yipinxiang’, while there are high similarity coefficients between the new Chaenomeles speciosa ‘Keshi’and ‘Shougua’. The hybrid generations with the Chaenomeles sinensis ‘Changjun’ as parent has lowsimilarity coefficients with ‘Changjun’, but high similarity coefficients with another parent. The hybridgenerations with ‘Hongxia’ and ‘Yipinxiang’ as female parent have high similarity coefficients with‘Yipinxiang’. The hybrid generations with Chaenomeles speciosa ‘Xipi’ as parent have high similaritycoefficients with another parent. There are high similarity coefficients between hybrid generations.Dendrogram analysis clusters40chaenomeles cultivars at0.4into4groups: the first group containsChaenomeles sinensis and Chaenomeles speciosa ‘Xipi’; the second group contains Chaenomeles speciosaexcept ‘Xipi’‘Chenxiang’‘Guoda’‘Duanbingguogou’; the third groups contains ‘Guoda’‘Duanbingguogou’; the forth group cantains ‘Chenxiang’. The first group can be clustered into ‘Changjun’Chaenomeles sinensis and ‘Xipi’.2. The new chaenomeles cultivars keep the specific characters of Chaenomeles sinensis orChaenomeles speciosa. The characters of change of peel after preservation, stipule, ditch, florescence andtree in new cultivars are the same as main cultivars. The new chaenomeles sinensis cultivars can bedistingguished by the characters of fruit shape, fruit color, leaf shape, lenticel, flavor, leaf hardness, juice,fruit size, maturity. The new chaenomeles speciosa cultivars can be distingguished by the characters of fruitshape, fruit color, flower color, fruit texture, juice, flavor, storage.3. The different cultivars of Chaenomeles speciosa have little differences in moisture. The newcultivars have higher protein content and higher VC contents than the main cultivars. The sugar contents ofthe new cultivars are higher than ‘Changjun’, but lower than ‘Luofu’. The acid contents of the maincultivars are higher than ‘Cuilv’‘Qinxiu’, but lower than ‘Jinxiu’.‘Qingxiu’ has the lowest crude fibercontent in the new cultivars, while ‘Cuilv’ has the highest. The crude fiber contents of the new cultivars arelower than of the main cultivars. Some nutrition indicators (moisture, protein content, crude fiber content)of the new cultivars are range of those of ‘Xipi’ and ‘Douqing’ in chaenomeles speciosa. The rest nutrition indexes (sugar content, acid content, VC content) of the new cultivars are lower than those of the maincultivars. Chaenomeles sinensis have higher moisture and acid contents than chaenomeles speciosa, butlower protein content and crude fiber contents.All the new cultivars are lower in amino acid content than the main cultivar but with a higherproportion of EAA/TOTAL and higher proportion of EAA/TOTAL represents better protein quality. Ofthem, the new cultivars of Chaenomeles speciosa ‘Qingxiu’ are highest in EAA while ‘Cuilv’ and ‘Jinxiu’are lower’. The new cultivars Chaenomeles sinensis ‘Keshi’ has a higher EEA than the main cultivar.‘Qingxiu’,‘Cuilv’ and ‘Keshi’ has a higher EAAI rate which is near the amino acid proportion of humanbody which is better for human body absorption and they also have a better protein quality.‘Cuilv’ is higher in Fe, Na, Mn, Ca and Mg than the main Chaenomeles speciosa cultivars.‘Qingxiu ishigher in Fe, Na, Mn, K and Mg than the main Chaenomeles speciosa cultivar, and ‘Jinxiu’ is higher in Fe,Na, Mn, K, Ca and Mg.‘Keshi’ is higher in Fe, Na, Mn, K and Ca than the main Chaenomeles sinensiscultivar. The new cultivars are at average level on other mineral elements.Overall Comprehensive score of nutritional quality of Chaenomeles indicate as follows. Chaenomelessinensis has a better nutritional quality than Chaenomeles speciosa. Among Chaenomeles speciosa,‘Qingxiu’ has better nutritional quality,‘Jinxiu’ is better in nutritional quality solely than ‘Changjun’ andworse than ‘Luofu’,‘Cuilv’ has the worst nutritional quality.‘Keshi’ has better nutritional quality than‘Xipi’, and worse than ‘Douqing’, but they have little difference.‘Keshi’ meets the general requirements ofChaenomeles sinensis. The new cultivars like ‘Qinxiu’,‘Cuilv’ and ‘Keshi’ can be regarded as good rawmaterial for food production.Longitudinal, horizontal and fresh weight of the fruits of Chaenomeles is in positive increase duringthe developmental period. The moisture is high in the early stage of development and decrease as the fruitsgrow until the mid-term period when the rate began to rise and reach the maximum when the fruits mature.The content of soluble solids, titrable acid, soluble sugar, total phenol, anthocyanin are single peak curveswith different peak time. The fruits of Chaenomeles have higher solid acid ratio in plucking time than theearly stage of development, but there are fluctuates during the development.The quality of Chaenomeles fruit gradually becomes better during the development. The quality of thenew cultivars of Chaenomeles speciosa is between ‘Changjun’ and ‘Luofu’. So the new cultivars areappropriate for cultivation, but among them ‘Jinxiu’ and ‘Cuilv’ is better than ‘Qingxiu’. Compared with‘Changjun’,‘Qingxiu’ and ‘Jinxiu’,‘Luofu’ and ‘Qingxiu’ can be picked in advance. The plucking time for ‘Jinxiu’ and ‘Cuilv’ can reference that of Changjun and ‘Qingxiu’ can reference ‘Luofu’. The quality ofChaenomeles sinensis ‘Keshi’ increase fast during the later stage. Correlation coefficient analysis indicatesthat titratable acid and soluble sugar has the strongest correlation.The new cultivars have a symmetrical fruit with a medium size which is appropriate for processing.They have a higher yield than traditional cultivars with an exception of ‘Cuilv’ compared with ‘Changjun’.So the new cultivars as excellent Chaenomeles can be widely cultivated. |
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