| The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of glutamine, lactulose, and gluconic acid of AA broilers, to explore the feasibility and mechanism of the glutamine, lactulose, gluconic acid, and its combination replace the feed antibiotics in the broiler production, to provide scientific basis for the promotion of glutamine, lactulose, gluconic acid and its combination as a feed antibiotic alternatives.Gradient test:396one-day-old AA broilers were randomized into11groups with3replicates per group and12chickens per replicate, feeding experiment lasted for42days. Groupings: Negative control group was fed with basal diet; antibiotics group was fed with diet supplemented with0.30g/kg NosihePtide and0.25g/kg Colistin sulfate premix; the glutamine treatment groups were fed with diet supplemented with0.1%,0.2%and0.3%of glutamine, respectively; the lactulose treatment groups were fed with diet supplemented with0.5%,1.0%and1.5%of lactulose, respectively; the gluconic acid treatment groups were fed with diet supplemented with0.1%,0.2%and0.3%of gluconic acid, respectively. The production performance, slaughter performance, index of immune organs, alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme, intestinal tissue morphology, duodenal sIgA and the organic acid content of ileal contents were determined.Combination test:405one-day-old AA broilers were randomized into9groups with3replicates per group and15chickens per replicate, feeding experiment lasted for42days. Groupings: Negative control group was fed with basal diet; antibiotics group was fed with diet supplemented with0.30g/kg Nosiheptide and0.25g/kg Colistin sulfate premix;0.1%of Gln group was fed with diet supplemented with0.1%glutamine;1.0%of LS group was fed with diet supplemented with1.0%lactulose;0.1%Gln+0.1%GA of group was fed with diet supplemented with0.1%glutamine and0.1%gluconic acid;0.1%Gln+1.0%LS of group was fed with diet supplemented with0.1%glutamine and1.0%lactulose;21d0.1%Gln+22d0.1%GA of group was fed with diet supplemented with0.1%glutamine in1～21days and0.1%gluconic acid in22～42days;21d0.1%Gln+22d0.1%LS of group was fed with diet supplemented with0.1%glutamine in1～21days and0.1%lactulose in22～42days. The production performance, slaughter performance, index of immune organs, alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme, and intestinal tissue morphology were determined.Gradient test results show that:(1) Replacing antibiotics feed additive with different levels of glutamine, the body weight, average daily gain, average daily feed intake were higher than the antibiotics group; the feed intake to body weight gain compared with the negative control group were reduced11.40%,8.59%,9.69%; the survival rate increased significantly by diets supplementation with antibiotics,0.1%and0.3%glutamine; the carcass quality rate than antibiotics group were improved, and percentage of abdominal fat by birds fed0.2%,0.3% glutamine diets were reduced by6.25%and6.73%; the alkaline phosphatase of duodenal mucosa by birds fed0.1%,0.2%glutamine diets were improved; the lysozyme content of jejunum, duodenal mucosa by birds fed0.3%glutamine diets was improved; the villus height of small intestinal were improved; the ileum content of butyric acid was increased by fed0.1%glutamine.(2) Replacing antibiotics feed additive with different levels of lactulose, the feed intake to body weight gain compared with the negative control group were reduced by10.26%,9.69%,6.44%, the body weight, average daily gain, average daily feed intake and survival rate by birds fed1.0%,1.5%lactulose were improved; the carcass quality rate than antibiotics group were increased by1.21%,0.75%,0.56%, and percentage of abdominal fat by birds fed0.5%,1.0%lactulose diets were reduced; the villus height of small intestinal were improved; the alkaline phosphatase by birds fed0.5%lactulose was improved, the content of21days duodenal sIgA by birds fed1.0%lactulose was improved, the alkaline phosphatase of35d plasma by birds fed1.5%lactulose was improved.(3) Replacing antibiotics feed additive with different levels of gluconic acid, the6weeks feed intake to body weight gain compared with the negative control group were reduced by8.02%,12.24%,11.81%, compared with antibiotics groups were reduced by0.91%,5.45%,5.00%, and the1～6weeks feed intake to body weight gain compared with the negative control group were reduced by7.44%,6.98%,3.72%, the survival rate increased by diets supplementation with0.3%gluconic acid; the percentage of abdominal fat than antibiotics groups were reduced by12.18%,32.35%,11.76%; the villus height of35days of jejunum, duodenal and of ileum butyric acid were increased, the content of21days duodenal sIgA by birds fed0.1%,0.2%gluconic acid were improved.Combination test results show that: Replacing antibiotics feed additive with glutamine, lactulose, gluconic acid, and its combinations, the body weight gain and average daily gain were improved, the feed intake to body weight gain, mortality, and percentage of abdominal fat were reduced; glutamine, lactulose, gluconic acid, and its combinations had the function of degenerate index of spleen, and combinations more better; in35days, the alkaline phosphatase of duodenal, and lysozyme of jejunum and ileum were improved, and the combinations improved the jejunum mucosa of alkaline phosphatase.Overall, replacing antibiotics feed additive with0.1%of glutamine,1.0%～1.5%of lactulose and0.1%～0.3%of gluconic acid were relatively better. Diets supplemented with glutamine, lactulose, gluconic acid, and its combinations replacd antibiotics feed additive had the function of improving the production performance, immune index, carcass quality and intestinal tissue morphology, and there were of interaction effect, combinations were relatively better. |
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