Modern Chinese Adverb "backward" And "and" Comparative Study

Adverb was a function part of speech in the modern Chinese grammar, which its personality was stronger than common, and its internal members of various subclasses were closed to each other, such as group allocation, grammatical function, semantic and pragmatic features, meanwhile, it also had a lot of subtle differences. The adyerb of "Dao" and "Bing" was just one group with similarities and differences meanings in syntax, semantic, pragmatic aspects. The case studies of "Dao" and "Bing" had made a lot of achievements in Chinese grammar scholars, while there had few examining and analyzing studies of the meaning and usage about them in comparative perspective, so they had failed to fully reveal the similarities and differences of them in the syntax, semantic, pragmatic aspects.The most common syntactic position of "Dao" and "Bing", were used as adverbial before the predicate words, the adverb of "Bing" could only appear before the negative form, which must follow the negative words, and could not insert other words in the middle of the sentence. While the adverb of "Dao" could used not only in negative forms, but also in Affirmative forms. For the choice of negative words, the scope of "Dao" was also bigger than "Bing". In addition, the collocation and sequence situation between both two words with the adverbs, the co-occurrence situation between both two words with the verbs and the conjunctions, and the sentence pattern and features of both two words, had shown their own characteristicsFrom the semantic point of view, both two words had a common semantics, which was a contrast of transition relation, and the scope of "Dao" was bigger than "Bing". While in evolution process, the both two words evolved from notional verb to turning meaning adverb word step by step, and semantic generalization, changes of the syntactic position and pragmatic constraints played a major role in this process.The adverbs of "Dao" and "Bing" had some differences in pragmatic aspect, such as pragmatic presupposition, focus, subjectivity aspects."Dao" was just a "presupposition trigger", it had pragmatic functions of recognizing the default, while the pragmatic functions of "Bing" was default negation, and should based on certain preconditions. The relationship between focus and presupposition was closed to each other. The focus position was more flexible in sentence of "Dao", it could be used not only to emphasize the topic and focus, but also to emphasize the question focus. While in sentence of "Bing", the focus position was behind the part of "Bing", it was only used to emphasize the question focus. Besides, this chapter concluded that the sentence of "Dao" was better than the sentence of "Bing" in subjectivity.The comprehensive and systematic comparison of "Dao" and "Bing" in syntax, semantic, pragmatic aspects, could be more in-depth to reveal the similarities and differences of both two adverbs.