Participation In Environmental Movements:Patterns And Development

The rapid development of industrialization and urbanization in China is accompanied by increasingly notable environmental pollutions and damages. In1970s, China started on the environmental protection and management leaded by government, as a result of the environmental movement in global context.In1990s, civil involvement in environmental protection prospered. Non government groups like NGOs and Public intellectuals took part in environmental movements, and brought new ideas to the traditional framework of government public management. In the context of developing theories on governance, environmental protections, and NGO studies, the researches on NGOs and civil movements is stepping on to the stages. The involvements of NGOs in environmental managements and the interactions between NGOs and governments is now a hotspot in academic field.This article is based on the theories of public managements, focused on the involvements and developments of governments and third sectors, and trying to clarify the relationship, further build a pattern of "lead, response and participate" of government, enterprises, and third sector in the mode of multiple involvements in public managements, through the review of Chinese environmental movements. This article is trying to prove that the third sector is realizing the public management in environmental protection under the framework of interaction with government and enterprises. The author thus built the public management participation model of the third sector, multiple management subject and multiple power center theories being the core, breaking the traditional power structure of "center-edge", making the third sector a leading role in public affair, and achieve the improvement of environmental managements.After analyzing the core of public management participation and building the model, this article uses case studies to emphasis on two patterns of involvements:policy involvement and interest demand involvement. And further analyze their characteristics and evolvement respectively, combining the current situation environment movement and the relationship between governments and the third sectors, finally draw a conclusion on the discussion of the future of public managements.