| The so called surviving soldiers after the Nanking Massacre refer to China’s national revolutionary army who were alive between December13,1937and in the middle of February1938. On December13,1937, Nanking was occupied by the Japanese army. Previous studies have focused on using this part of the surviving soldiers of recall information to expose the Japanese atrocities committed and Nanking social status at that time. These studies tend to view their experiences as the footnotes of the history of Nanking Massacre, but ignores the survival state of the surviving soldiers itself and their vicissitudes of life. From the current master of the historical data, we can see that taking the surviving Chinese soldiers as a dominant research object is valuable. This article is intended to make a detailed analysis of Chinese soldier’s surviving experience after the collapse of Battle of Nanking, their responses to the Japanese troops’actions of "disposal" of prisoners, fighter sweep, the Japanese troops’crimes, their experiences under the control of Japanese army, the complex relationships of social forces in Nanking and their choices after the massacre, we hope that we can make a contribution to the research on the history of Nanking Massacre.Because the Japanese army had finished the surround, and the Chinese soldiers choice some wrong routes of withdrawing lead to large numbers of Chinese soldiers’ failure of the retreat and encirclement. They had to strand in Nanking. There was very little organized resistance at that time.Before the Japanese troops finished occupied Nanking, they firstly arrested and slaughtered the Chinese soldiers. Japanese troops swepted in and out of the city,and to eliminate the so-called "the falling soldiers" and seeked the military weapons left from China’s soldiers.After the Japanese troops occupied Nanking, they tightly held in this city. At that time, there were some forces that dominated this city. These forces were Japanese troops, secret service classes, the classes of "XuanFu", embassy officials,the consular officers and the police force who belongs to Japanese Foreign Ministry. They cooperated closely and control all around of Nanking and its accesses strictly. After the Japanese army occupied Nanking, they forced the residents in Nanking to register and issued the so-called "good citizen". Their goal is to clear up Chinese soldiers hiding among citizens. After the Japanese screened and forced them to register, there were still some soldiers survived. Part of the reason is that the Japanese arrest Chinese soldiers in the refugees according to these simple standards such as clothing, appearance or even young adults’age. A large number of Chinese soldiers were killed, and it also caused the innocent casualties of the refugees at the same time. At the same time, the Japanese also sent troops to guard the gates, wharfs and scrutinized the passing pedestrians closely. During the holocaust (From the middle of December1937to February1937), the safety of the Chinese soldiers was severely tested. The security requirements were the most important factor for them.After February25,1938, the Japanese thought that the Chinese soldiers had been basically eliminated in Nanking, and decided to allow Chinese residents in and out of the gate without certificates of"good citizen". At this point, the Chinese soldiers won the surviving of the relative safety. But during the refugees were driven from safety to home, the Japanese commanded puppet autonomy committee implements set up the Bao-Jia system and five groups. This made some soldiers were forced to flee from Nanking, But there were some soldiers who had find the right identity in Nanking.Pseudo "autonomy committee" posed a threat to the safety of the Chinese soldiers. Pseudo "autonomy committee" assisted the Japanese to register refugee and search and seizure the weapons left by Chinese soldiers. Its police and district police department were responsible for "criminals". But there were also part of the Chinese soldiers joined in the group and some of the folk charity organization. On April20,1938, the Puppet government of "WEIXIN’were established. It continued to undertake the duties of "autonomy committee".Although the Japanese controlled Nanking fairly and closely, there were still some Chinese soldiers survived in the land without the Japanese power. The International Committee of Nanking safety Zone and westerners helped some Chinese soldiers. Before the siege began, there were some Chinese soldiers were protected by them. John Rabe and others even assisted them to leave. While the international committee and the westerners can not rescued all of the Chinese soldiers, but still saved some of the officers and soldiers. the sympathetic attitudes and rescue activities by the Western people illustrates the nature of China’s anti-aggression war of justice.The relationship between the survival Chinese soldiers and refugees are complex. Some refugees worried about be affected and not willing to accept them, while other refugees wanted to received them. During the time of Nanking Massacre, they protected and helped each other. Some soldiers who have higher cultural quality and the ability of organization soon became the leaders in the refugee community. The change of Civil-military relations during the Anti-Japanese War was a miniature of the history of the development of the modern Chinese nation; it indicates the future of China’s victory in the war of resistance.The surviving soldiers survived in a variety of ways both inside and outside the city. After a short retention, some soldiers escaped from dangerous areas and went back to the rear quickly. Some soldiers hid in the safety zone, refugee camps, or the suburbs. Some soldiers took off military uniforms and lived in Nanking. Survivors were able to survive because they relied on in a certain economic and social relations. In addition, there are also some defectors who joined the pseudo organizations. After the massacre, surviving soldiers have different choices, but most of the soldiers went back to the rear and joined in the war of resistance renewably. After the massacre, the text data according to the memory of the surviving Chinese soldiers, revealed the Japanese atrocities. After the war, some the surviving soldiers became the witness of the judge of Japanese criminals in this war.Anyway, compared with the huge150000Chinese soldiers, the surviving soldiers account for small proportion, but the absolute number of their scale is still considerable. During the massacre, there were many reasons for Chinese soldiers who survived. Japanese simple screening and brutal killings, not only caused Mass casualties of the innocent civilians, but also made some Chinese garrison were lucky to survive. It set off of the Japanese atrocities which violated the international law from the opposite side. Since then, the surviving men took use of geographical advantages and relied on a certain reserves of food, property and social relationship to survive. These conditions are what the Japanese cannot destroy. The future of the Chinese Anti-Japanese War to win can be known from the whole sceneries. |
