| Comparisons are often used in all languages. When one thing is in the state of extreme aspects of the nature in comparison, that is an superlative form of comparison. In my thesis, the sentence "没有(A)比X更Y的了"of superlative degree will be investigated in perspective of syntax, semantic syntax and pragmatics. This structure as a whole was my research object, using the relevant theories of cognitive linguistics to the structure level and the expression of semantic and pragmatic analysis. Major findings are in the following several aspects:First, this is a patterns with several strcutures embeded together, conveying both superlative comparison and negative existing, in sigh tone. Its basic structures are the "有"structure conveying existing as well as the "比" structure conveying "comparison". At the semantic level, the existence of things is the prerequisite, On the basis of that a comparison is made, then the negative word "没(有)" was used to negate on the whole both that comparison and existence, by which a superlative degree is expressed with strong subjectivity. This sentence has different levels on the expression.Second, the relatively fixed composition in this sentence "没有,比,更,的,了", are "modulus labels", whereas the variable composition A, X, Y "is" modulus rabbet". According to the above sentence "model", we can get a lot of sentence forms of the same pattern to express the subjective superlative meaning. We hold that this sentence is relative in expressing subjective superlative meaning, in the use of it, the ultimate meaning is "passivated, that’s why adverbs are used in the front of the sentence to emphasize again.Third, this sentence is a kind of exaggerated semantic superlative degree, whose semantic meaning is mainly restricted by "A" with "all over meaning". The function of "A" is for the range of comparison, which may either be used or not. At the same time, semantically,"X","Y" belongs to semantic collection of "A". The semantic relation between them is "Y" to "X","X" to "A"."Y" is determined by the status and nature "X","A" represents the range of "everything" is also affected by the "X".Fourth, the meaning of this structure is based on the establishment of a superlative presuppose. The semantic expression is inseparable from the specific context or the scope of cognitive experience of the speaker and the hearer. So it is of very strong subjectivity. If things supposed have familiarity and typicality, then the statement semantics can still be established without superlative meaning of the specific context. But at this point the establishing range of superlative semantics is closed and bounded, only existing for comparison in some ways. Meanwhile, this sentence also has very strong individual differences, because different speaker has different cognitive experience for the same things, so they can make different subjective attitude. Before the sentence is nested, the comparative level can either be raised or decreased of nested after embeded, the comparison level will not be able to continue to increase. Things act as the decided to structure’s the degree of dependence on context is closely corelative to object compared.Fifth, the emphasis and focus of the sentence is closely related to the’"比"sentence patterns, the use of adverbs, and context. When adverbs"更"is used in’"比"pattern in the sentence to express the objective comparison, its emphasis and focus overlap on the comparative objects "X". When using the adverb’"更"and’"比"for analogy which reflect the subjective world, the focus of the sentence is "X", whereas its focus is the comparative point "Y". When using the adverb "再",both the emphasis and the focus of the sentence is "Y". When using adverbs’"还", both the emphasis and the focus of the sentence is "X". At the same time, in the specific context, the focus is on the whole sentence, while the focus is the comparative objects "X". So,’"比"pattern, and adverbs used as well as the specific context are the influencing factors on emphasis and the focus change of the sentence. |
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