| During the Spring and Autumn Period,"poem" plays an important role in social life. The Noble literati often used poem to express themselves tactfully in sacrifice, ceremony, diplomacy, feasting, discussing the political affairs, and making the comments on different characters.This unique cultural phenomenon has a large number of records in the two books named "zuozhuan" and "guoyu". Through studying "zuozhuan" and "guoyu", we find that there is a great relationship between poem and musical culture in the Spring and Autumn Period when people lived. During the Spring and Autumn Period, although Zhou royal family was gradually on the decline and political influence was much weakened, strict music system which Zhou formulated had been destroyed.But, on the one hand,because the traditional culture customs still made people keep the "propriety" in their concept;On the other hand,no kingdoms can completely replace the status of the Zhou royal family which can controlled and guided the nations. In order to keep social order and coordinate international relations, other kingdoms could only with the help of the influence of the Zhou royal family and did things under the banner "Respect Zhou".People in other kingdoms paid attention to the poem which was one of the important carrier of music culture. This is the primary reason why people used poem a lot in the Spring and Autumn Period.Besides, there were many differences among kingdoms in history, geography, cultural tradition, politic, economy and military power, which led to different characteristics when they used poetry.This paper tries to study influence which people used poem in the Spring and Autumn Period from the development of social cultural background and music cultural in the Zhou Dynasty, and then it analyzes the common characteristics and different characteristics in the poem that people used in the Spring and Autumn Period.The paper is divided into four chapters and conclusion:Chapter1we introduce "zuozhuan" and "guoyu" in poem. Poems are mainly divided into three types:quoting poem, singing poem and composing poem.This paper is limited to quote poems in the Spring and Autumn Period,that is to say, noble literati in that time quoted "poem" to talk about politic, make the comments on different characters, debate and advise when they were in communication occasions. Composing poem refers to poems which people recorded in "zuozhuan" in that time.I n the broad sense, singing poem refers to noble borrowed poems to express their emotions in diplomacy and banquet. Singing poem can be divided into Song poem, reading poem and singing poem. Song poem refers that guest wants to sing poem and play with a musical accompaniment. Reading poem refers that musicians read the poem which host and guest chose without a musical accompaniment and tune. In the narrow sense, singing poem refers that guest and host according to their own willingness choose poem without a musical accompaniment, but they only sing poem casually. Quoting poem, singing poem, song poem and reading poem reflects essentially people who used poem pay attention to the music value, etiquette value, language value of poems.Chapter2Ways which people used poem in other kingdoms analyze."Zuo zhuan " and "guoyu" recorded the total of quoting137pieces, singing poem70pieces, song poetry6pieces and reading poems2.In a word, quoting poem phenomenon is the most prosperous in the Spring and Autumn Period, followed by singing poem and song poem.This reflects people in the Spring and Autumn Period paid more attention to the language value, followed by the value of etiquette, while music value of poem neglected.In addition to these common characteristics, people in other kingdoms also had obvious differences in quantity way. People in "Jin Kingdom" used the most large quantity of poems with a total of64pieces, they paid more attention to the language value and reflected their utilitarian features, followed by people in "Lu Kingdom" with a total of44pieces. Unlike people in "Jin Kingdom", as successor of music culture of Zhou, people in "Lu Kingdom" paid more attention to the etiquette value and music value of poem, reflecting the characteristics of focusing on etiquette. People in "Chu Kingdom" with poem activities is also very considerable as many as21pieces, they paid great attention to political views, ethics, etc, which reflected the characteristics of utilitarianism.Qi kingdom",as a big country, with less activity only15pieces, but from the specific examples which people in "Qi kingdom" used poem, they used less poem not because they can’t but because they don’t. People in "Qi Kingdom" used poem in negative attitude was the result of etiquette reform.Besides these four kingdoms, Qin, Zhou, Song, Wei and other kingdoms also used poem, but their quantity is less, so we can’t find features from these kingdoms.Chapter3Occasions which people used poem in other kingdoms analyze.People in the Spring and Autumn Period used " wind poem"45pieces, accounting for28%of the total number and21%of the poems; People used "ya poem"135pieces, accounting for128%of the total number and63%of the poems; People used "song poem"135pieces, accounting for60%of the total number and11%of the poems.People used "yi poem"10pieces, accounting for60%of the poems. We find that "ya poem" has the hightest frequency in the305pieces, followed by "song poem", which only accounts for11%of the total number, but the total number of "song poem" only40pieces, so the actual utilization rate of "song poem" reached60%, and it is higher than the " wind poem" whose actual utilization rate is only28%. Kingdoms often used "ya poem" and "song poem", which has a large relationship with the content of "ya poem" and "song poem", with the familiarity of the user, and with the politic idea "Respect Zhou". People in "Zheng Kingdom" presented a different characteristics in poem choice with other kingdoms, People in "Zheng Kingdom" were in favor of " wind poem", especially the"zheng wind", which has a large relationship with commercial economic development and open society culture of "Zheng Kingdom", at the same time it is also strategies which "Zheng Kingdom" chose under the sinister political environment diplomacy.Chapter4Age characteristics of poem used in kingdom.With the number of poems in Lu kingdom during12years, quoting poem and singing poem had a similar development in the Spring and Autumn Period, they both experienced the these four stages:germination, development, climax and low. At different times, people in the Spring and Autumn Period used poem had different changes in ways, occasions, selection, interpretation. The changes of quoting poem and singing poem had a similar development with the development of music culture in the Spring and Autumn Period, from which we can find that music culture of Zhou had a influence on quoting poem and singing poem of other kingdoms.In a word, poems have both common and individual character in the Spring and Autumn Period, which is decided by the changes of the social background of music culture. At the same time, it has a great relationship with their respective politic, history, geography and culture factors. |
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