Case Study On The Water Quota Management From The Perspective Of Efficiency And Equity

Based on the conditions of production technology and management, water quota is a reasonable standard that the water consumption of unit production, unit output value and unit service cost, which is drafted, compulsively implemented on the whole industry by the government and could provide the scientific basis for water reasonable use, saving, planning use.Due to the compulsory and industry generality, water quota has aroused the problem of unfairness although the industry’s efficiency of water use is effectively improved.The concept of water use marginal cost, saving cost, benefit is respectively introduced in this study and the relationship between each one above and water quota is taken into consideration, consequently, the mechanism improving water use efficiency by water quota is analyzed in four different conditions and we finally draw a conclusion that strict, applicable water quota and lower marginal water saving cost is much more helpful to improve the water use efficiency of water resource.This study discussed the unfairness in the process of water quota formulation and implement, which is divided into four groups:(1) The choice of the institute for determining the water quota may be unfair. Because of the differences between water use institutes, the choice of the institute directly determines the scale of water consumption for water use institutes, which is remarkably associated with fairness. (2) For institutes whose water consumption is large, the fairness should also be considered, especially, given the adverse effect on other water users. Large consumption of water resource for some special industry actually takes up the partial consumption of other water users in disguised form, which is related to the unfairness between extravagant water users and normal water users. (3)The fairness between benefits of industrial water use and social water use, in another world, the problem of fairness of water use between special industries and social public. (4) The industries or institutes whose proposes of water use are identical also have the problem of fairness.This paper uses the methods of questionnaire, field investigation, interview, Gini coefficient, comprehensive Gini coefficient to analyze the fairness in the management of water consumption quota, and discusses the problem of fairness in four scenarios mentioned above in the case of the industry of park, golf, water-supply of Shanghai, and then put forward the solution to the problem. (1) For the industry of parks of shanghai, ①Via Gini coefficient, the Gini coefficient of water quota-passenger flow is 0.43, water quota-virescence area is 0.05 and water quota-road and its pavement area is 0.21. Therefore, from the point of view of passenger flow, we can adjust the coefficient to modify the unfairness to improve the relative fairness of water quota. ② The modification of fairness in the management, from the point of view of manager, the fine imposed from water quota can be applied to the transformation of water-saving appliances of small scale park but large scale passenger flow to make up for the unfair use of water, to improve the equity of industry water quota. ③ Reconstruction of calculation method by building a linear model, considering the impact of the various indicators on the water use of park, and then calculate the comprehensive water quota, fundamentally to improve the fairness of the industry. (2) For the industry of Golf, ① owing to Sufficient precipitation and relative perfection of rainwater collection system of Golf Courses of shanghai, thus the unfairness between them do not exist, but mainly between the water use of villa area and common cell. ②For the fairness of golf villas, it is essential to strengthen the management of the water use of the villa area, and improve the mechanism of ladder water prices, namely, the promotion of different price ladder should be combined with the income level of residents, otherwise, ladder system cannot limit water consumption of the rich. ③For golf industries in other provinces and cities, the issue of water equity can be relieved by the replace of water source. (3) For the water industry of Shanghai, the unfairness can be solved by formulating water consumption quota and related standard.Given the mechanism of water consumption quota lifting water use efficiency and the unfairness, corresponding suggestions are proposed from the point of view of efficiency and justice, according to the water quota of Shanghai revision of national water quota. (1) From the angle of efficiency,① strict and applicable water quota is the key of improving the efficiency of water use. ②The formulation of water quota should be based on the actual water consumption in the industry, sufficient field research and field exchange, to ensure the applicability of the quota.③ The water quota need timely revision, to ensure the timeliness and progressiveness. ④The advanced water quota, general water quota and access water quota should be established respectively to better improve the efficiency of water use. (2) From the angle of equality, ① In the process of formulation and implementation of water quota, the adjustment of coefficient by Gini coefficient, fairness of management, and the improvement of calculation method and so on is useful to solve the fairness of choosing the institute determining the water quota for the water users.② For the fairness between luxury users and ordinary water users, the former should strengthen their management of water use, including replacing the source of water, technological transformation water-saving and so on to reduce the water use.③For the equality between industrial water use and social water use, it is very important to seize the interest conflicts and make it solved mainly, in order to improve the fairness of water use. ④For the equality between industries whose purposes of water use are identical, the applicability of water quota should be assessed and revised in purpose,which is aimed at promoting the fairness of water use.