| The experiment was conducted in the Ping yuan county, Dezhou city of Shandong province from 2012 to 2014. The cows breeding specialized cooperatives were studied in Pingyuan county, the dairy industry production system was discussed, and then compared the effect of the whole corn and corn straw on the cow production performance,substance and energy use in dairy, obtained the advantageous to the straw using way of the dairy industry development, and the comparison of emergy efficiency and sustainable development ability between the agricultural circulation modes in different straw utilization ways.1. The investigation and analysis on the professional cooperatives of the animal husbandry in Pingyuan county In this paper, taking Ping yuan county as a case study, systemizing and surveying the research results on the professional cooperatives of the animal husbandry at home and abroad,analysis of the operating on cow professional cooperatives and summarizing the beneficial experience in he development status of Ping yuan county, and grasping better nature of the system and the development trend. The institutional framework on professional cooperatives of the animal husbandry will be established suitable for Shandong province. The targeted guidance on on the professional cooperatives of the animal husbandry will be provided. The basis of the theory and practice on developing of the relevant policy of the management and supervision department. From what has been discussed above, through the priority sequence analysis put forward the countermeasure analysis for the status and supervisor mode and those improved in future on specialized cooperatives of cow breeding. The new dairy industry production system ways of specialized cooperatives on cow breeding were established and consummated, providing reference for how to speed up the dairy industry intensification,industrialization and modernization process. They will provide the countermeasures for implementing modernization on the professional cooperatives of the animal husbandry of Shandong province.2. The effects of whole corn silage feeding on production performance,substance and energy use in dairy cow Selecting 20 New Zealand’s first child healthy Holstein cows of 550±30kg weight and lactation day age 130±9d. Twenty of them were randomly divided into two groups. The two types of diets, corn stalk group and whole corn silage group were fed. The experiment lasted for 37 days, 7 days’ pre-feeding period and 30 days’ feeding period. During the experiment,record each cow’s milk production every day and detect feed,milk and cow dung composition included crude protein(CP), crude fat(EE), crude fiber(CF), calcium(Ca), phosphorus(P),potassium(K) and so on. This study provided the supports for straw into the feed through comparing with the effects of dairy production performance and material energy use between whole corn diet and corn straw diet to clear breeding situation of material circulation and energy flow in the system. The result showed that the feed conversion rate of the whole corn group was 2.08% higher than the corn straw group. Milk yield of the whole corn group was15% higher than the corn straw group, The whole corn group was significantly higher than the corn straw group(P<0.01). Milk protein yield of the whole corn group was 8.16%(P<0.05)higher, milk-fat percentage of this group was 12.02%(P<0.05) higher, lactose of this group was 2.89%(P>0.05) higher. Milk fat and milk protein percentage of the whole corn group were significantly higher than the corn straw group(P<0.05). The proportion of and lactose of the whole corn group is higher than the corn straw group, but the difference was not significant(P>0.05). The energy flow are calculated through the "input-output analysis" in the system, output-input ratio of the whole corn group was 0.55, the other group was 0.51.Ecological benefits of the whole corn group was better than the corn straw group in the breeding ecosystem. Therefore, we should moderately increased with the whole corn instead of the corn straw.3. The effects of soil fertility, crop yield and the energy efficiency on the different straw circulation modes.In this paper, the soil fertility, crop yield analyzed by emergy method in different modes of straw returned were studied in a wheat-maize field ecosystem.Employing emergy value evaluation method, this paper compared the emergy efficiency and sustainable development capacity of the different agricultural circulation modes. Emergy analysis is the important method in the study of the natural ecosystem and agricultural ecosystem, the four systems were the wheat-maize cropping system comprised of conventional fertilization(Control mode)and crushed straw(Farmland circulation mode), dairy cattle breeding system(Farmland-Livestock circulation mode) was comprised of biogas slurry and biogas fermentation system(Farmland-Biogas slurry circulation mode) was comprised of organic fertilizer. The emergy value method were conducted. The results showed that the soil total nitrogen and organic matter contents increased by 48.24% and 12.38% under the organic fertilizer returning compared with the control. The soil total nitrogen and organic matter contents were in the order of organic fertilizer returning > straw crushing returning > biogas slurry returning > conventional fertilization. Significant difference among treatments(P<0.05).The yields of wheat were in the order of organic fertilizer returning > biogas slurry returning > straw crushing returning > conventional fertilization, significant difference among treatments(P<0.05), while the yields of maize were in the order of organic fertilizer returning > straw crushing returning > biogas slurry returning > conventional fertilization.Significant difference among treatments(P<0.05). The results showed that the emergy yield ratio(EYR) of the 4 kinds of circulation modes was higher than 1, The emergy yield ratio(EYR) of the farmland circulation mode, farmland-biogas slurry circulation mode and farmland-livestock circulation mode, which was respectively 1.13, 54.22% and 50.2% times as much as those of control mode, whereas emergy investment ratio of the farmland circulation mode, farmland-biogas slurry circulation mode and farmland-livestock circulation mode was respectively 80.88%, 4.25 and 5.85 times as much as those of control mode. The environmental loading ratio(ELR) of the farmland circulation mode, farmland-biogas slurry circulation mode and farmland-livestock circulation mode was respectively 78.95%, 3.71 and1.76 times as much as those of control mode. The environmental pressure of farmland circulation mode was the lowest, the farmland-biogas slurry circulation mode was the highest.But the ELR of the 4 kinds of modes were being within the acceptable range. The emergy index of product safety of the farmland-livestock circulation mode were-0.015, its safty was the highest, the products of the control mode had some safety loophole. The farmland circulation mode had the strongest sustainable potential in 2 kinds of planting modes, the farmland-livestock circulation mode had the strongest sustainable potential in 2 kinds of comprehensive circulation modes. Looking at the above, farmland-livestock mode has the strongest sustainable potential, so it is an ideal circular agriculture mode and should be popularized in the region. |
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