| Objective: To estimate the quality of medical material and rhizosphere soil of Pseudostellariae Radix from Guizhou Province,then analyze their relationship. And then to investigate the affecting factors on the quality of Pseudostellariae Radix and provide reference for its cultivation and quality evaluation.Methods: Multipoint mixing method and parallel sampling control method were used to collect the Pseudostellariae Radix and soil samples from 25 bases in Shibing,Huangping,Qingzhen,Guiyang and Tongren of Guizhou Province. Ultraviolet visible spectrophotometry was used to determine the contents of the Radix pseudostellariae polysaccharides. The conventional methods were used to determine the extract, the total ash, the physical-chemical properties, the inorganic elements of medical material, the inorganic elements of soil and effective inorganic elements of soil. Index method of Nemoro was used to evaluate the soil integrated fertility. The correlation analysis between the quality of Pseudostellariae Radix and rhizosphere soil and principal component analysis were applied with SPSS 17.0 software.Results:1 The quality evaluation of Radix Pseudostellariae(1)The range of polysaccharide content in Pseudostellariae Radix was 23~281mg/g, the coefficient of variation was 0.34.The hot and cold extract content in Pseudostellariae Radix were 47.52%~57.63% and 32.80% ~ 47.20% respectively.The range of total ash content in Pseudostellariae Radix was 1.87%~3.39%.In the principal component analysis of quality of Pseudostellariae Radix,the content of hot and cold extract were 0.903 and 0.916 respectively, whose absolute coefficient was largest in the first principal component.(2) The range of Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe, Mg and Ca element content in different samples were 0.82~6.31mg/kg, 4.13~23mg/kg, 18.31~37.83mg/kg, 92.5~531.44mg/kg,776.42~1358.5mg/kg and 400.29~2686.1mg/kg respectively.The coefficient of variance were 0.47, 0.73, 0.18, 0.45,0.12 and 0.48 respectively.(3) It was possible to establish a correlation between the quality and the content of inorganic elements of Pseudostellariae Radix. There was no significant correlation between polysaccharides and other elements. The amounts between cold extract-hot extract, cold extract-Fe, total ash-Fe, total ash-Mg, Ca-Mg and total ash-K were very significantly positive correlation, meanwhile hot extract-Fe,cold extract-Zn, K-Fe and K-Mg were significantly positive correlation. The amounts between hot extract and Cu was negative correlation, meanwhile cold extract and Ca was very significantly negative correlation.(4) In principal component analysis about the quality of Pseudostellariae Radix, the absolute coefficients of hot and cold extract, Fe, K in the first principal component were higher than the others,which were 0.666,0.888,0.848,0.634 respectively. The absolute coefficients of inorganic elements Mg, Ca in the second principal component were 0.868,0.691 respectively. The essential trace element Zn in the third principal component was 0.825.2 The quality of rhizosphere soil(1) The premodinantly soil of Pseudostellariae Radix of Guizhou was tart, the average p H of rhizosphere soil was 4.93, its coefficient of variation was 0.34. The average organic matter content was 3.12%, its coefficient of variation was 0.41. The average total nitrogen content was 1.6 g/kg, its coefficient of variation was 0.30. The average alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content was 130.94mg/kg, its coefficient of variation was 0.37.The average total phosphorus content was 0.76g/kg, its coefficient of variation was 0.48. The average available phosphorus content was 39.38mg/kg, its coefficient of variation was 0.90. The average total potassium content was 13.80g/kg, its coefficient of variation was 0.63. The average available potassium content was 137.85m/kg, its coefficient of variation was 0.20. The average effectiveness potassium content was 309.08mg/kg, its coefficient of variation was 0.40.In the comprehensive evaluation of soil fertility level of Pseudostellariae Radix planting base in Guizhou, the comprehend fertility coefficients of soil in Huangping county and Shibing countywere 1.23 and 1.37 respectively.(2) The correlation analysis of the physicochemical properties of the soil:the amounts between organic matter and total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, total nitrogen and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, total nitrogen and available potassium, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen and available potassium, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen and available potassium, total phosphorus and available phosphorus, available potassium and potassium, available potassium and effectiveness potassium were very significantly positive correlation(P<0.01), meanwhlie alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen and total phosphorus was significantly positive correlation(P<0.05).(3) The range of Cu element content in different soil samples was 5.47~38.04mg/kg, its coefficient of variation was 0.47.The range of Mn was 27.2~819.14mg/kg, its coefficient of variation was 0.46. The range of Zn element was 757.83~989.60mg/kg, its coefficient of variation was 0.07. The range of Fe element was 10301~17023.7mg/kg, its the coefficient of variation 0.09.The range of Mg elemen was 10.48~1167.14mg/kg, its coefficient of variation was 0.94. The range of Ca element was 19.93~3997.79 mg/kg, its coefficient of variation was 2.11. The range of Co element was 0.02~0.10 mg/kg, its variation coefficient was 0.40. The range of Cr element was 43.28~186.72 mg/kg, its coefficient of variation was 0.38. The range of Cd element was 0.0073~0.04mg/kg, its coefficient of variation was 0.29.The range of Pb element was 0.13~1.38 mg/kg, its coefficient of variation was 0.58. The range of As element was 3.48~16.49mg/kg, its coefficient of variation was 0.26.(4)It was possible to establish a correlation between the content of inorganic elements of the soil. The amounts between Cu and Fe, Co, Cr,Mn and Fe,Co,Fe and Co,Cr,Ca and As, Co and Cr were very significantly positive correlation, meanwhile Mg and Ca,Pb and As were significantly positive correlation. The amounts between Mg and Fe was very negative correlation,meanwhile Mg and Pb,Mg and Co were significantly negative correlation.(5)The mineral elements of soil of Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, As minimum pollution index were 0.0547, 0.1731, 0.0243, 0, 0.1391, the maximum pollution index were 0.7608, 1.2448, 0.134, 0.0055, 0.4836 respectively. The Cu indexes of two regions were between0.7~1.0, which belong to warning line level. The Cr element factor index has a region between 1.0~2.0, belongs to the light pollution.The soils of other areas were not be polluted by heavy metal. The integrated pollution index value of heavy metals of Qingzhen city was 0.9404,the pollution level was at warning line, while those of the other areas were less than 0.7.(6)In the Fe/Mn ratio analysis of inorganic elements of soil, Fe/Mn ratio of different origin Pseudostellaria heterophylla ranged from 19.3 to 466.4. Pseudostellariae Radix may be poisoned by iron, especially in the Shangqinhua and Xiaqinhua group Qinhua village Jiuzhou town Huangping county.(7)The range of effective Cu element content in different Pseudostellariae Radix rhizosphere soil samples was 0.13~7.23mg/kg mg/kg,its coefficient of variation was 1.43. The range of effective Mn element content was 2.67~308.84mg/kg, its coefficient of variation was 0.95. The range of effective Zn element content was 0.06 ~0.46mg/kg, its coefficient of variation was 0.66, The range of effective Fe element content was 0~546.47mg/kg, its coefficient of variation was 0.50.The order was as follows: Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe. In the analysis of elements distribution and abundance degree, the average values of Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe elements were 82.44, 0.97, 0.21332.29 mg/kg respectively.(8)It was possible to establish a correlation between the content of effective inorganic elements of the soil. The amounts between Mn and Fe,Mn and Zn were very significantly positive correlation.(9) It was possible to establish a correlation among the influence factor of the content of effective inorganic elements. The amounts between available Zn and organic matter,available Zn and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available Fe and organic matter, available Fe and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available K and available K were very significantly positive correlation. The amounts between available Fe and p H value was very significant negative correlation.(10) In principal component analysis of mineral elements and mineral elements available in the soil, the absolute coefficients of Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, in the first principal component were 0.806, 0.913, 0.888, 0.827, 0.886 respectively. The absolutecoefficients of Ca, available Zn, available As in the second main component were 0.764, 0.738, 0.881 respectively. The absolute coefficients of As in the third principal component was 0.720.(11) In principal component analysis of the quality of rhizosphere soil, the absolute coefficients of total nitrogen, alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen, available potassium,Mg element of soil in the first principal component were 0.706, 0.739, 0.738, 0.802 respectively. The absolute coefficients of Mn, Co and total K element of soil in the second main component were 0.838, 0.762 and 0.781 respectively. The absolute coefficients Ca and As element of soil in the third principal component were 0.735, 0.762 respectively.3 Correlation Analysis(1) It was possible to establish a correlation between the quality of Pseudostellariae Radix and the physico-chemical property of the soil. The amounts between hot extract and organic matter, available nitrogen, cold extract and organic matter, total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen were very significantly positive correlation, meanwhile cold extract and available potassium was significantly positive correlation. The amounts between hot extract and p H value was significantly negative correlation, meanwhile cold extract and p H value was very significantly negative correlation.(2) It was possible to establish a correlation between the quality of Pseudostellariae Radix and the content of inorganic elements of the soil. The amounts between hot extract and available Fe, total ash and available Mn were significantly positive correlation, meanwhile cold extract and available, Fe were very significantly positive correlation. The amounts between polysaccharide and Cr, available Mn, hot extract and Ca, Cd were significantly negative correlation, meanwhile effective Cu and polysaccharide,cold extract and Mg were very significantly negative correlation.(3) It was possible to establish a correlation between the content of inorganic elements of the Pseudostellariae Radix and the soil. The amounts between soil available Mn and medicinal materials Mn, Mg, medicinal materials Ca and soil Cu were significantly positive correlation, meanwhile medicinal materials Zn and soil available Cu,Zn,Fe were very significantly positive correlation. The amountsbetween medicinal materials Zn and soil Mn, Fe,Ca, soil available Mn and medicinal materials K were significantly negative correlation.(4) The range of Cu enrichment coefficient in Pseudostellariae Radix was 0.056~ 1.1533. The range of Mn enrichment coefficient was 0.0072~0.9797. The range of Zn enrichment coefficient was 0.0209~0.0434. The range of Fe enrichment coefficient was 0.0075~0.0332.The range of Mg enrichment coefficient was 0.7419~103.9107,that of Ca enrichment coefficient was 0.3641~29.3059.(5) The range of effective Cu enrichment coefficient in Pseudostellariae Radix was 0.7461~25.8295. The range of effective Mn enrichment coefficient was 0.2745~7.3593. The range of effective Zn enrichment coefficient was 0.0209~0.0434. The range of effective Fe enrichment coefficient was 68.3473~449.1754.The range of effective K enrichment coefficient was 16.6757~176.102.Conclusion:1The quality of Pseudostellariae Radix(1) The contents of Radix Pseudostellariae polysaccharide, the amounts of hot and cold extract, the content of total ash varied greatly. The content of cold extract and the content of total ash achieved the standard of Pharmacopoeia. The content of cold and hot extract played an important role in the comprehensive evaluation of the quality of Pseudostellariae Radix.(2) The contents of Zn and Mg elements in Pseudostellariae Radix varied greatly, which was classified as moderately variation level, especially the Mn elements. The content of heavy metal Cu element was lower achieved the standard of Pharmacopoeia The recommended limited value of inorganic elements in Pseudostellariae Radix was proposed as follows: Cu4.39 mg/kg, Mn152.31 mg/kg, Zn33.84 mg/kg, Fe345.66 mg/kg, Mg 1165.89 mg/kg, Ca1605.47 mg/kg, K 10094.7mg/kg.(3) The amounts between hot extract and cold extract was very significantly positive correlation. The total ash and extract were influenced greatly by the content of inorganic elements. The content of hot extract increased with the content of Fe element, decreased with the content of Cu and Ca elements. The content of coldextract with the content of Fe and Zn elements, decreased the content of Cu element.The content of total ash increased with the content of Fe and Mg elements.(4) It showed that the cold extract, the hot extract, the content of Fe and K in materia medica played an important role in the comprehensive evaluation of the quality of Pseudostellariae Radix by principal component analysis.The quality of the sample collected from Shangbaxiaochaolao Niudachang town Shibing county was the best. 2 Soil Quality(1) According to the soil classification criteria in the second national soil survey, the most rhizosphere soil of Pseudostellariae Radix in Guizhou province was strong tart. The content of organic matter and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen were mainly classified as the first and third level. The content of total nitrogen was mainly classified as the second level. The content of total phosphorus, quick results potassium contents were mainly classified as the second and thind level. The content of available phosphorus was mainly classified as the the first, second and thind level. The content of total potassium was mainly classified as the first and thind level. The available potassium was mainly classified as the first level. The soil fertility was in general level. The soil fertility of Shibing County was superior to that of Huangping County.(2) The content of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium discern increased with the content of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium respectively. The content of soil organic matter increased with the content of total nitrogen and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen. The content of total phosphorus increased with the content of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available potassium. The content of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen increased with the content of available potassiu.In order to meet the needs of its growth, enough soil potassium and nitrogen must be guaranteed in the planting process, appropriate amount of potassium and nitrogen may be applied when necessary.(3) The contents of Cu, Mn, Mg, Ca, Co, Cr, Cd, Pb, As elements of soil of Pseudostellariae Radix varied greatly, especially Ca which were characteristic inorganic elements in soil. The content of Cu element increased with the content of Fe,Co and Cr elements. The content of Cr element increased with the content of Fe and Co elements. The content of As element increased with the content of Ca and Pb elements. The content of Cu element decreased the content of Mg element. The integrated pollution index of heavy metals from soil of Qingzhen country Wangzhuangxiang Luotiancun was warning line grade,other areas of the integrated soil pollution of heavy metals in Radix Pseudostellariae safety level. The soil environment are in line with the planting of medicinal herbs soil requirements. In order to control the content of heavy metal elements Cu, Cr, Pb, As, the contents of Fe, Co and Ca elements of soil should be reduced appropriately and the content of Mg element should be increased.(4) In most of the bases, the Fe/Mn ratios were higher than the standard, suggesting serious iron poisoning phenomenon, especially in the base near the utility area. The content of Mn should be increased to ensure the appropriate Fe/Mn ratios.The planting bases should be far away from human habitation.(5) The contents of available mineral element of soil of Pseudostellariae Radix varied greatly, the largest difference was Cu element.The soil available Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe elements were characteristic inorganic elements in Pseudostellariae Radix soil. Inorganic element distribution and abundance analysis, in addition to the available Zn, the content of other available elements are rich.The content of available Mn increased with the increase of the content of available Fe and Zn elements.(6) The content of available Zn and available Fe elements increased with the content of organic matter and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen. The content of effective potassium element increased with the content of available potassium element. The content of available Fe element decreased with the content of p H value. The content of organic matter with the content of trace element in soil were significantly positive effective.(7) The Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Cr and Ca elements, soil available Zn, available Fe and As elements of soil plays an important role in the comprehensive evaluation of soil quality, Laohujing Qinhua village Jiuzhou town Huangping county was the best.(8) In principal component analysis of the quality of rhizosphere soil, alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen, available potassium, Mg elements play a greater role in the comprehensive quality evaluation, the Qinhua village Huangping County was the best.3 Correlation Analysis(1) The content of hot extract increased with the content of organic matter and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen. The content of cold extract increased with the content of organic matter, total nitrogen and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen. The content of hot and cold extract decreased with the content of p H value.In order to improve the quality of Pseudostellariae Radix, its planting base should be appropriate to increase the amount of application of organic fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer, and adjust the p H value of soil, avoid high value from planting on Soil in p H.(2) The content of hot extract increased with the content of available Fe element,it decreased with the content of Ca and Cd element.The content of cold extract increased with the content of available Zn and available Fe element,it decreased with the content of Mg element. The content of total ash increased with the content of available Mn element.The content of polysaccharide decreased with the content of Mn,Cr and Cu element. In order to improve the quality of Pseudostellariae Radix, cultivated soil of Pseudostellariae Radix, should choose the soil have higher content of available Zn and Fe element, and control content of Mn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Ca, Mg element of soil.(3) The content of Mn and Mg increased with the content of available Mn of soil. The content of Ca element of materia medica with the content of Cu element of soil. The content of Zn element of materia medica increased with the content of available Zn, Cu and Fe elements,it decreased with the content of Mn,Fe and Ca element of soil.In mineral elements of materia medica/mineral elements of soil enrichment ability analysis,material accumulation ability to Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn elements is lower,accumulation ability to Mg and Ca elements is stronger. In mineral element of materia medica/available mineral element of soil enrichment ability analysis, material accumulation ability to soil Zn, Cu and K elements is lower, accumulation ability to Fe, Mn elements is stronger. Pseudostellariae Radix enrichment ability to content of Fe, Zn elements less than the other three elements. Radix Pseudostellariae enrichment ability to Cu,Mn, Zn and available Fe elementwere differences greatly. In order to improve the quality of Pseudostellariae Radix, the proportion and quantity of Mg, Ca should be controlled.(4) The characteristic inorganic elements of soil were Mn, Zn, Mg, Co, Ca, As, Cd, Cu, which affected the quality of soil greatly.The characteristics of inorganic elements, which affected the quality of Pseudostellariae Radix: available Fe, available Mn, available Zn, available Cu, Ca, Mg, Cr, Cd.5 The advices for Pseudostellariae Radix cultivatingIn order to improve the quality of Pseudostellariae Radix, organic fertilizer should be applied to the soil with low organic matter.In most of the regions, the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer, potash fertilizer and fertilizer should be increased to ensure the content of potassium and nitrogen. The content of chemical fertilizer should be reduced in the regions with higher nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium. The p H value should be regulated. Pseudostellariae Radix shouldn’t be planted in soil with high p H value. In order to improve quality, the content of available Zn in the soil should be increased, while that of Mn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Ca, Mg, Co, Ca should be decreased, especially Mg and Fe. To guarantee the quality and avoid heavy metals pollution, Mg and Fe content should not be controlled within a reasonable range., The content of Fe element in medicinal materials should be controlled by adjusting the content of inorganic elements in soil. The planting bases should be far away from human habitation. |
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