| Goats number in Guizhou was significantly increased, in which Qianbeima goat had the most characteristic in Guizhou local area. However, there are some insufficient feeding technique used in the practice for goat in Guizhou, especially for the lack of nutritional regulation technique. Focused on nutritional regulation to improve goats feeding level in Guizhou, this study was carried out to evaluate the effects of growth performance and rumen fermentation for rumen-protected choline(RPC), nutrition supplements(milk replacer), and white distillers’ grains on Qianbeima goats.Part 1: The study of RPC on feeding effect of Qianbeima goatsExp. 1: Effect of RPC on growth performance and plasma biochemical of Qianbeima lambsTwenty healthy lambs were allocated to 2 blocks of 10 lambs according to their body weight: control and treatment. Lambs in control were fed basal diet and treatment were supplemented with 10g/d RPC, respectively. Duration for the experimental was 40 d including 10-d prefeeding and 30-d trial phases. Dry matter intake(DMI), average net gain(ANG), average daily gain(ADG), ratio of feed to gain(F/G), apparent digestibility of nutrients, nitrogen efficiency and plasma levels of superoxide dismutase(SOD), malondialdehyde(MDA), glucose(Glu), urea nitrogen(UN), very low density lipoprotein(VLDL), triglyceride(TG), total cholesterol(TC), creatinine(Cr), total protein(TP), albumin(Alb), and globulin(Glo) were measured. The results showed that:(1) compared with control, supplementation with RPC significant increased DMI(P<0.05) and ADG(P<0.05), and reduced F/G(P<0.05).(2) Apparent digestibility of dry matter(DM), crude protein(CP), ether extract(EE), and neutral detergent fiber(NDF) were unaffected by RPC for treatment(P>0.05).However, acid detergent fiber(ADF), and Ash digestibility, nitrogen absorption and deposition, and digestable and metabolized energy efficiency in treatment was higher(P<0.05) than control.(3) Feeding of RPC had no significant difference(P>0.05) for plasma levels of SOD, MDA, UN, VLDL, TG, TC, Cr, TP, Alb, and Glo. It was suggested that supplementation of 10 g/d RPC could improve growth performance but had no beneficial effect on plasma metabolites for lambs.Exp. 2: Effects of RPC on rumen fermentation and plasma biochemical of Qianbeima goatsSix healthy goats were allocated to 2×3 cross-over design according to their body weight with 3 goats for control and treatment, respectively. Goats in control were fed basal diet and treatment were supplemented with 10g/d RPC, respectively. Experimental contained 30 days including 2 phases. Each phase lasted for 15 days with 14-day adaptation and 1-day sampling duration. Ruminal p H, ammonia nitrogen(NH3-N), microbial protein(MCP), volatile fatty acid(VFA; acetic acid; propionate; butyrate), microcrystalline cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, cellobiase, and xylanase; and plasma biochemicals(Glu, UN, TP, Alb, TC, TG, Cr) were detected. The results showed that:(1) Feeding of RPC had no significant difference( P>0.05) for p H, NH3-N, and MCP levels; 4 cellulases activity; and VFA concentrations.(2) plasma levels of metabolites were unaffected by RPC(P>0.05). It was indicated that supplementation of 10 g/d RPC had no side effects on rumen fermentation and plasma biochemicals.Part 2: The study of milk replacer on feeding effect of Qianbei Ma goats Exp. 1: Effect of milk replacer on growth performance and plasma biochemical of Qianbeima lambsForty healthy lambs were randomly assigned to 4 blocks of 10 lambs: control, treatment 1, treatment 2, treatment 3. Lambs were fed 1 of 4 diets differing in milk replacer level at 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% for control, treatment 1, treatment 2, treatment 3, respectively. The DMI, ANG, ADG, F/G, apparent digestibility of nutrients, nitrogen efficiency and plasma total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC), SOD, glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px), catalase(CAT), MDA, Glu, UN, alkaline phosphatase(AKP)and lysozyme(LZM) were analyzed. The results were shown as follows.(1) Compared with control, feeding of milk replacer increased DMI(P<0.05) and apparent digestibility of DM, NDF, ADF, Ash(P<0.05), but not for EE(P>0.05). The N balance and biological value(BV) in lambs fed milk replacer was also enhanced over control(P<0.05).(2) Treatment 2 and 3 resulted in higher(P<0.05) ADG than control and treatment 1, and therefore, reduced ratio of F/G(P<0.05).(3) lambs fed 4% milk replacer for treatment 2 produced increased plasma levels of T-AOC, CAT, and LZM(P<0.05) and decreased MDA and UN(P<0.05), but had no significant difference for SOD, GSH-Px, Glu, and AKP(P>0.05). These results indicated that milk replacer could improve growth performance and plasma anti-oxidative stress capability and was benefical for protein efficiency and immunity for lambs. Overall, it was suggested that 4% showed the best performance in the practice.Exp. 2: Effects of milk replacer on rumen fermentation and plasma biochemical of Qianbeima goatsSix healthy goats were assigned to 3×3 Latin square design according to their body weight: control, treatment 1 and treatment 2. Goats in control were fed basal diet and treatment 1 and treatment 2 were supplemented with 2.5%, 5% milk replacer, respectively. Experimental contained 45 days including 3 phases. Each phase lasted for 15 days with 14-day adaptation and 1-day sampling duration. Ruminal p H, ammonia nitrogen(NH3-N), microbial protein(MCP), volatile fatty acid(VFA; acetic acid; propionate; butyrate), microcrystalline cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, cellobiase, and xylanase; and plasma biochemicals(Glu, UN, TP, Alb, TC, TG, Cr) were detected. The results showed that:(1) Feeding of milk replacer had no significant difference(P>0.05) for p H and MCP levels. The NH3-N concentration was found the lowest one in treatment 1, which was significantly decreased than control(P<0.05).(2) Microcrystalline cellulose, cellobiase, xylanase for 3 groups had no significant difference(P>0.05), however, carboxymethyl cellulose level for treatment 1 and treatment 2 was higher than control(P<0.05).(3) Acetic acid, propionate, butyrate, and total volatile fatty acid(TVFA) in treatment 1 and 2 were higher than control(P<0.05); while A/P was decreased relative to control(P<0.05).(4) Addition of milk replacer had no significant difference for plasma levels of UN, TP, Alb, TC, and Cr(P>0.05), expect for Glu and TG(P<0.05). It was suggested that supplementation of 5% milk replacer could improve rumen fermentation parameters, cellulose activity and VFA levels for goats.Part 3: The study of white distillers’ grains on feeding effect of Qianbei ma goatsExp. 1: Effect of white distillers’ grains on growth performance and plasma biochemical of Qianbeima lambsThirty-two healthy lambs were enrolled and were randomly assigned to 4 treatments of 8 lambs per treatment: control, treatment 1, treatment 2, treatment 3. Lambs were fed 1 of 4 diets differing in distiller’s grain level at 0%, 7%, 14%, and 21% for control, treatment 1, treatment 2, treatment 3, respectively. The DMI, ANG, ADG, F/G, apparent digestibility of conventional nutrients, nitrogen efficiency; and plasma levels of Glu, UN, alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate transaminase(AST), uric acid(UA), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C), TG, Cr, SOD, GSH-Px, MDA and TP, Alb, Glo and albumin/globulin(A/G). The results showed that:(1) Feeding of white distiller’s grain had no significant impact DMI for lambs(P>0.05) among 3 treatments. However, treatment 2 resulted in significantly increased ANG and ADG relative to control and treatment 3(P<0.05), and therefore, had reduced F/G level than treatment 3(P<0.05).(2) Apparent digestibility of DM, digestible energy(DE), NDF, ADF and Ash for treatment 1 and treatment 2 were higher(P<0.05) than control and treatment 3, but not for EE(P>0.05).(3) The nitrogen intake, fecal nitrogen and nitrogen digestibility were unaffected for 4 dietary treatments(P>0.05), but treatment 2 was found to have the best determined level. Lambs fed treatment 2 had lower level of urine nitrogen(P<0.05) than other 3 treatments; and also had higher level of deposited nitrogen, absorbed nitrogen, net protein efficiency(NPU), and BV(P<0.05) over other 3 treatments.(4) The levels of white distillers’ grains(<21%) had no significant difference for plasma biochemical metabolites and plasma anti-oxidative stress capability. Plasma levels of TP and Glo were found higher in treatment 1 than other treatments(P<0.05). Treatment 2 had higher plasma Alb level over control(P<0.05). Dietary inclusion of distiller’s grain did not alter plasma ratio of A/G(P>0.05). These results indicated that dietary inclusion of 14% level white distiller’s grain could increase growth performance, apparent digestibility of nutrients, nitrogen metabolism; and improve plasma immune responses, but had no beneficial effect on plasma biochemical metabolites parameters and anti-oxidative stress capability for lambs.Exp. 2: Effects of white distillers’ grains on rumen fermentation and plasma biochemical of Qianbeima goatsSix healthy Qianbeima goats were 3×3 latin square designed according to their body weight: control, treatment 1 and treatment 2. Goats in control were fed basal diet and treatment 1 and treatment 2 were supplemented with 10%, 20% white distillers’ grains, respectively. Experimental contained 45 days including 3 phases. Each phase lasted for 15 days with 14-day adaptation and 1-day sampling duration. Ruminal p H, NH3-N, MCP, VFA, microcrystalline cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, cellobiase, xylanase; and plasma biochemicals(Glu, UN, TP, Alb, TC, TG, Cr). The results showed that:(1) Feeding of white distillers’ grains had no significant difference(P>0.05) for p H, NH3-N, and MCP levels(P>0.05).(2)Similarly, microcrystalline cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, cellobiase and xylanase activity was unaffected by white distillers’ grains treatment(P>0.05).(3) There was no difference for butyrate and A/P among 3 treatments(P>0.05). Levels of acetic acid and TVFA in treatment 1 and treatment 2; and propionate in treatment 1 were significantly higher than that control(P<0.05).(4) Levels of plasma TP in treatment 1 was significantly higher than that of treatment 2(P<0.05). Plasma TG and Cr levels for treatment 1 were significantly lower than treatment 2 and control(P<0.05), respectively. Feeding of white distillers’ grains had no significant difference for plasma concentrations of Glu, UN, Alb and TC(P>0.05). These results indicated that less than 20% level of white distillers’ grains had no side effect on rumen fermentation and plasma biochemicals and that level of 10% white distillers’ grains could enhance plasma VFA, plasma immune response and lipid metabolites for goats.Overall, inclusion of 10 g/d RPC, 4% milk replacer, and 14% white distillers’ grains into diet could improve growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and plasma biochemical, and rumen fermentation parameters for Qianbeima goats. |
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