| The citrus pulp is citrus by-products of food processing industry. It is mainly derived from canned fruit juice and fruit processing. It is rich in storage and is a potential unconventional feedstuff resource. Fresh citrus pulp has high moisture content, and easy to rot, for the sake of the development and utilization of the resources, this experiment studied the nutrient composition and content of citrus pulp, fresh citrus pulp suitable method of silage, silage and dried citrus pulp in beef cattle body detecting the digestion rate and its feeding trials in fattening beef cattle. So that we can provide theoretical basis for the development and utilization of citrus pulp slag.Test I:Analysis and determination on the nutrition composition of citrus pulpConventional nutrients, pure nutrients, and anti nutritional factors of fresh citrus pulp and dried citrus pulp were measured. Results showed that the fresh citrus pulp had dry matter of 16.50±0.07%, the hesperidin bitter substances 0.58±0.01%, based on the semi-dry material basis, crude protein 8.44±0.27%, crude fat 2.80±0.11%, crude fiber 10.03±0.15%, crude ash 9.91 ±0.46%, calcium 0.73±0.02%, phosphorus 0.08±0.01%, NEmf of 3.90±0.36MJ/kg, the total amino acids of 4.25±0.23%. the dried citrus pulp had dry matter of 87.25±0.17%, the hesperidin bitter substances 3.03±0.01%, based on the semi-dry material basis, crude protein 6.70±0.33%, crude fat 3.98±0.09%, crude fiber 9.98±0.16%, crude ash 5.19±0.39%, calcium0.77±0.01%, phosphorus 0.09±0.01%, NEmf of 6.73±0.22MJ/kg, the total amino acids of 3.10±0.09%.Test Ⅱ:The research for the suitable silage method on fresh citrus pulpFresh citrus pulp independent silage took a use of single factor experiment design, in the four silage time points(30d,60d,90d,120d), silage quality and nutrients were detected. The evaluation indicators included pH, organic acids, ammonia nitrogen, color, smell, texture and conventional nutrient analysis. Results showed that:the moisture content of fresh citrus pulp is exorbitant independent silage is easy to rot and poor quality, therefore, independent silage should not be taken.Fresh citrus pulp slag storage experiment using two factors three levels cross grouping design, two factors respectively for silage moisture content (80%,75%,70%) and silage adding material types (corn stalks, straw, chaff), and silaged 30 d,60 d,90 d, 120 d respectively for silage quality evaluation and testing. The assessment indicators including pH, organic acids, ammonia nitrogen, and analysis of conventional nutrients and anti nutrition factor analysis. Results showed that the best silage quality on each value point was adding moisture content 75% bran, rice straw and add series chaff moisture content 70%. All of the three groups achieved good level. Two factors on the influence degree of fresh citrus pulp silage quality in turn was:moisture content> add material type. In addition, the fresh citrus pulp slag cannot be lowered anti-nutrients through the silage fermentation the content of hesperidin.Test Ⅲ:Digestion trial of citrus pulp6 Simontal hybrid cattle with head weight about 350kg, health, with similar age and body condition were choosen.2×2 cross experiment design was used to detect respectively silage citrus pulp and dried citrus pulp in the vivo-digestion rate. Results showed that:the digestive rate of dry matter of silage citrus pulp and dried citrus pulp were 61.13±0.26% and 62.00±0.20%(P<0.05), the digestive rate of organic matter were 63.77±0.25% and 64.57±0.18%(P<0.05), the digestive rate of crude protein were 62.12±1.85% and 62.36±1.73%(P>0.05), the digestive rate of crude fiber were 40.47±2.33% and 42.11±2.17%(P>0.05)Test Ⅳ:The feeding experiment of citrus pulp on fattening cattleThis experiment adopted the random unit group experimental design. Selecting 28 Simontal hybrid catties, according to the principle of body weight and similar age, the selected cattle were divided into four units, each unit of group with 7 catties. Each cattle in the unit was randomly allocated to 7 respectively, as the control group (basal diet), experiment group I (silage citrus pulp 10%), experiment group Ⅱ (silage citrus pulp 15%), experiment groupIII (silage citrus pulp 20%), experiment group Ⅳ (dried citrus pulp 15%), experiment group V (dried citrus pulp 25%), experiment groupVI(dried citrus pulp 35%) (dry matter). The test diet was adopted heavy with the principle of equal energy and nitrogen. The evaluation indexes including animal growth performance related index and economic benefit. The result showed that:the silage citrus pulp adding amount shall not exceed 20%, had no significant effect on animal growth performance (P> 0.05), and we could get average daily profit of 7.8Yuan/head～8.5 Yuan/head.Dried citrus pulp adding 15%,25%, had no significant effect on animal growth performance (P>0.05), with average daily profit of 9.13 Yuan/head and 9.99 Yuan/head; adding amount of 35% could significantly reduce the animal growth performance and economic benefit (P<0.05)This study shows that:1.Citrus pulp was rich in nutritients, with good forage development value, fresh citrus pulp can be used as marc feed and dried citrus pulp can be used as energy feed for beef cattle; 2.The moisture content of fresh citrus pulp was exorbitant. It remainders not fit direct storage and need adding other additives to control water content below 75%; 3.Silage citrus pulp and dried citrus pulp had high digestive rate of dry matter in fattening cattle, respectively,61.13% and 62.00%; 4. Silage citrus pulp was high-quality roughage for fattening cattle, and accounting for the proportion of the diet should not be more than 20%; 5.Dried citrus pulp could partly replace the corn and soybean meal in the concentrate, but adding level shoud less than 25%. |
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