Study On The Landscape Pattern And Function Of The Northern Song Dynasty Mausoleum Cultural Landscape

The manifestations of culture on the earth are multiple and cultural landscape is the complexof them. Cultural landscape is the reflection of a specific era and has a variety of features andvalues. The landscape pattern is how the landscape mosaics of different size and shape arearranged in landscape space. Its change will have an influence on the natural environment, social,economic and cultural systems in human space. Analyzing the landscape pattern of the culturelandscapes which has particular historical significances is very important. This is the ready forexploration of historical and cultural value of the culture landscape.In this paper, the study area is in GongYi city, where the Northern Song Dynasty Mausoleumwas located. Using the basic theories of landscape ecology, remote sensing and geographicinformation technologies to analyses the landscape pattern dynamics in two different levels(landscape and local area). The basic data is based on the land-use map in1990and2011. Theanalysis of why Northern Song Dynasty Mausoleum was selected in Gongyi in the history isdepending on the collection of the historical informations. Through questionnaires, field researchand semi-structured interviews and other methods to explore the functional characteristics and thestakeholders’ perceptions of Northern Song Imperial. The main results are as follows:(1)The tradition Geomantic Omen ideal mode has its special pattern: the mountains mustlocated in the east, west and north, and the terrain is open in the south, meanwhile, both sides musthave clear water meandering flow. The sitting of Northern Song dynasty imperial tombs is unlikeany dynasty in the history, it is based on the Geomantic Omen theory of "Wu Yin Xing Li",which is the most popular mode. This theory needs southeast towering and northwest falls in the terrain, and the water flows from north to south on the west side. The altitude of Gongyiprogressively decreasing from southeast to northwest and Yiluo River flow on the west side. Infact, the altitude of middle mountain and low mountain in the southeast of Gongyi is above1000meters and floodplain in the northwest is about300meters. So, the characteristic of NorthernSong dynasty imperial tombs is just backed by the Yellow River and foot the Mountain Song. Itjust has its own unique ecological significance.(2)Both the construction land and arable land are all have absolute advantages in landscapeand local area in different years, but the landscape pattern also experience a significant changefrom1990to2011. The patch edge is becoming more complicated, the fragmentation is becomingenhanced and the landscape heterogeneity is decreased of Gongyi. About local area, thefragmentation is also enhanced and the landscape heterogeneity is decreased. One of the featuresis that the disappearance of rivers and inland beaches and the appearance of shrubs and bareground.The area of construction land, dry land, irrigated land, forest and road is changing obviously.Because of the increase degree of mechanization consequences, the area of upland is reducedlarger than the others, and the mainly transformation is to irrigated land. The main driving factorswhich are leading to the changes of landscape pattern is the total population of Gongyi, the area ofarable land at the end of the year, GDP and highway mileage.(3)The functions of Northern Song Dynasty Mausoleum are mainly divided into ecological,historical, aesthetic, economic and cultural art, but the function features present a largerdifferences between the different Mausoleums. The Mausoleum of Yongzhao’s functions arerelatively strong because it is the only one who restored reference to the original appearance. But the Mausoleum of Yongan’s functions are not obvious due to the ex-situ conservation. Thehistorical and cultural art functions of Yongchang Tomb are more powerful but economical isweakest. The functions of cultural art is the strongest and economic is the weakest in YongtaiTomb. These results indicate that rational development is needed. According to the findings of thesurvey, in addition to the ecological function of Yongzhao tomb does not match with the aboveanalysis, the others are all in line with the results of analysis before.Different people who have different identity, age and job have the different culturalperception of the Northern Song Dynasty imperial tombs. More than50%of the people whoseidentity are tourists, ancestor worshiper and local residents think that the protection towardNorthern Song Dynasty imperial tombs is not enough, but only41.05%of government officialsheld a similar attitude. As stakeholders, more than90%of local residents believe that it canpromote local economic development if the Northern Song Dynasty imperial tombs are rationaldeveloped, while46.43%of them believe that tourism development will bring some negativeeffects, such as traffic congestion, environmental pollution, and the price rise.(4)Since the Northern Song Dynasty imperial tombs mostly located in plough, using theecological compensation to convert the plough to mausoleum is very helpful. The reference valueof532yuan/mu/year is high enough because it has considered the income of the local farmers.