| This article aimed to make a specific and profound research on the forming and shifting of power of the influential and privileged families in Qingzhou district and Yanzhou district throughout the Han Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty. Meanwhile overlooked this process from a perspective of national political relations, a comparison between the two different districts was also used to penetrate into this significant process.To be specific, this article could be divided into following four chapters:For the first chapter, had a overview of historical development and geographical scope of the Qingzhou and Yanzhou respectively, indicative of the longstanding existence of the two districts, overall changeless though with slight adjustment for some names of their counties and scope of jurisdiction. This overview premised the following study on the influential families in these two areas.The second chapter focused on powerful families in Qingzhou and Yanzhou during the Hans period, based on the definition and statistics of the well-established families in these two districts during the Hans period, analyzed their regional distribution and different ways to rise to prominence, which could be roughly fractionize into the following four:literature-oriented (including building family by celebrities who had immense knowledge of Confucian classics, or with exemplary conduct and nobility of character), grace or military merit-oriented, financial capacity-oriented and clan influence-oriented. Hereinto, rising to prominence by being learned scholars of Confucian classics was the main approach of most famous houses in Qingzhou and Yanzhou. Beneath the seemingly same approach, there still existed differences between the two districts. But there still existed differences between the two districts. In Qingzhou the potential families rise to prominence mostly by Classic of Documents especially Ouyang "history", as poems of lu at least, while in Yanzhou, the Confucian classics is balanced. Whatever approached different families might take; they were subjected to national political power. As for regional distribution, during the Hans period, the regional distribution of influential families, both in Qingzhou and Yanzhou, changed. For Qingzhou District, during the Western Han Dynasty, the powerful families inhabited intensively in west part, Ji’nan county and Qiancheng county, but focused on the eastern counties of Qingzhou such as Beihai and Le’an in the Eastern Han Dynasty. For Yanzhou District, the Shangyang County was always the main concentration area of local influential families, while the Chenliu County, next to Shangyang, was the county in Yanzhou where the biggest changes in terms of distribution of noble houses took place, while this change was closely bound up with the changes in central political power. By analyzing the henchman recorded by JingJun tablet, a corollary could be draw easily was that even the local influential families in little counties of Qingzhou and Yanzhou, was intimately related with national power. Thus there was no doubt that national power had profound impact on the rise, development and distribution of local influential clans in Qingzhou and Yanzhou during the Hans period.The third part highlighted the change and development of local influential houses in Qingzhou and Yanzhou after the disintegration of central political power during the late days of Eastern Han Dynasty, and then divided these families generally into two categories:cultural literati families and the local despots families. The former, either temporary declined or went out for refuge, in order to protect themselves; while the latter tried to earn independence and separation, but the pursuit of separation and independence constantly challenged by external forces, and ultimately ended in failure. In this process, compared with the local despots in Qingzhou, Yanzhou local despots were more powerful, which once take control of the whole situation of Yanzhou district. The second section of this chapter made an analysis and comparision between the local power families, which took part in the creating of hegemony of Caocao, in Qingzhou and Yanzhou. For all of these families could be divided into old noble Han families and new emerging influential families. And the old noble Han families were more common in Qingzhou while new emerging influential families outnumbered the former in Yanzhou area. This difference fundamentally resulted from the choice of CaoCao Empire. The third section of this chapter discussed the development of local prestige clans in Qingzhou and Yanzhou after the formal establishment of Cao Wei Regime. Those who once had made contribution to establishing the Wei Empire now shared the political power accordingly. There were many new families that came from Qingzhou and Yanzhou served in Wei government during the late Cao Wei, most of which flourished in the late Wei because of the wooing and support of Sima family. The next section further discussed the attitude of local powerful families in Qingzhou and Yanzhou when they were exposed to the temptation of the very influential and state-dominant Sima family. In summary, it could be divided into these three reactions:clear opposition, active cooperation and passive cooperation, among which active cooperation was the mainstream.Chapter four studied the Qing-Yan local influential families during the Western Jin Dynasty, when The Upheaval of the Eight Princes and the YongJia Chaos were used as a good entry point to demonstrate the whole situation at that time. Although the Qing-Yan district was not the main battle field of The Upheaval of the Eight Princes, local great houses in Qingzhou and Yanzhou actively participated in the Eight Princes disputes in order to seek family interests with the escalation of the war. Qing-Yan Local potential families were combined with the imperial princes by ZhengBi Policy, however this kind of connection was not particularly strong, the object of their effectiveness was not limited to the same imperial prince, and the demise of regime they had been severing did not hinder their family’s official participation in regime of other imperial princes. The second section of this chapter investigated the change of the Qing-Yan local great families before and after the YongJia Chaos. In the early Yongjia Period, as the central political power debilitated gradually, local powerful families in Qing-Yan district once took the dominant position in local affairs. With the collapse of the regime in the Western Jin Dynasty, Qing-Yan potential families gradually withdrew from Qingzhou and Yanzhou, glorious and magnificent history of the "indigenous" regional potential families in Yanzhou and Qingzhou had so far been completed. During this process, due to different potential relationships with prince Sima Yue and prince Sima Rui, additionally with different geographical factors, those once-great families in Yanzhou who moved south crossing the Changjiang River significantly outnumbered those families in Qingzhou.After a thorough exploration of development of the local potential families in Qingzhou and Yanzhou areas from the Western Han Dynasty to the Western Jin Dynasty, the intimate relationship between local great families in Qing-Yan district and national political power was thoroughly exposed. On the one hand, local potential families in Qing-Yan district were subjected to and being constantly shaped and reshaped by state power. On the other hand, these great families had their own subjectivity, which exerted continuous impact on the national power in turn.By comparision, the general development of most local great families in Qingzhou and Yanzhou basically remained the same from the Hans period to the Western Jin Dynasty, but specifically speaking there did existed certain differences between these noble families, and the existence of such differences was not the result of natural development, but the result of the impact of central political power. |
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