A Study Of The Political System Of National Government During The Anti-Japanese War

During the long revolutionary practice and the Western system of political parties and political trends and the influence of the Soviet Union, Prime Minister of the Chinese Kuomintang gradually formed a set of Sun Yat-sen rather special form of government and the democratic process of national political vision of training for training national government headed by Chiang Kai-shek the formation of political system laid a theoretical foundation. After the completion of the unification of China in form in June, 1928, the Nanjing Kuomintang government publicly declared to end of"military", implementing"political tutelage."Since then, the "failure for" the principle, in the national government, and gradually establish the Executive Yuan, Legislative Yuan, Judicial Yuan, Examination Yuan and Control Yuan, the five branches of government-based training system. However, advertised by the founding of Sun Yat-sen established the theory of political tutelage of the political system of training, but deviated from the original Sun Yat-sen's idea of political tutelage, and the essential difference between Sun Yat-sen's ideology. Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang, led by Sun Yat-sen's sovereignty in the people abandon the ideological core of the progress, the use of Sun intellectual capacity of the wrong people know, beyond the revolutionary process, the people can not exercise the election, recall, initiative, referendum under the premise of the four powers, Overview governing power, the power of theKuomintang to infiltrate all areas of social life, and gradually turned into one-party dictatorship of the Kuomintang's authoritarian rule, especially with the continuous expansion of personal power, Chiang Kai-shek, this system has gradually become the tutelage personal dictatorship Chiang Kai-shek rule tool. This allocution system was almost carried on as the political system of the national government during the Anti-Japanese War, but due to the breakout of the war, some significant changes were found in the original system with some very distinctive features.Anti-Japanese War broke out, in order to meet the needs of war, highly centralized state power and unity needed for a coordinated, uniform pace, defeat Japanese imperialism and achieve victory. At the same time, the situation of national peril, the Chinese Communist Party and the democratic parties, people of all circles to the overall situation of war, to national interests, to bury the hatchet, have made support for the Kuomintang, Chiang Kai-shek led the Nationalist government and the war, there the national war situation. The country's various political forces, military and people be integrated into a unified national government under the leadership, but also for integration of the National Government to provide an opportunity for political power. In this case, the Chiang Kai-shek led the Nationalist government's failure for the original five-hospital system and political system of training, the use of this special environment, from the 1938 National Congress held a provisional starting system through the recognition of the KMT president , the restructuring of the Armed Services Committee, military and political integration, the establishment of the Supreme Council of National Defense and the National Government's restructuring and other government agencies to adjust the frequency of the line, and gradually formed a highly centralized war of attrition. The level of war is not only the development of centralized systems to the highest point of the history of Chiang Kai-shek's personal centralization also reached the peak.Adjusted several times to form the wartime centralized system, the organization finally realized a high degree of integration of the national political process. However, this is the end of the power of the traditional patriarchal relations through the link up with the whole community, in China, a large and populous country, should carry out the decisions of state power to the bottom of society, to achieve a high degree of social mobilization, simply by This contact is clearly too thin and difficult to achieve the desired results. To this end, the National Government has taken a series of measures to strengthen the KMT ideology through propaganda, to carry out the spirit of national mobilization campaign to control thinking and social organizations to strengthen the KMT secret service organization such as expansion of measures to strengthen the centralized system for the whole community political integration.Centralized system in the implementation process of war, Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist government, led first by adjusting the relationship between party and government at all levels, expand the scale of the organization and the formation of the KMT Youth League and other measures to strengthen the KMT in its power system's status and role. Secondly, in order to improve the performance of centralized systems, and from the perspective of the modern political system operating rules adopted to implement the system triple and decentralized administrative system, the implementation of the new county system and the restructuring and expansion of monitoring system and a series of measures to try to turn the national government a large power system into an efficient operation, responsive centralized regime.Authoritarian or democratic institutions, whether national, the enemy of the present occasion, will make two kinds of centralization and open political gesture, authoritarian political rule is to ensure the efficient functioning of the national open is to accommodate all forces, strengthen unity This phenomenon is the ruling political interests and the result of the harmonization of national interests. War broke out, led by Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist government established a highly centralized political system at the same time, in order to mobilize the resistance, but also limited to a part of the political resources to enable the wartime national government's political system has shown a relatively democratic trend. Wartime national government relative to the democratization of political system performance is an important trend in the KMT formed a Provisional National Political Council and the Senate at all levels, in particular the establishment of the National Political Council to meet the desire of all Chinese people to achieve political democracy, to achieve the national war of resistance requirements. While the National Political Council is an advisory body, does not have real power, but in the process of provision and practice perspective, the National Political Council is not a dictatorship of the deceptive signs, which, though not sole representative body of people, but also many issues supervision of administrative operations to become a major national government agencies, as political parties forum for free expression organizations have played a united national army, adhere to the national war of resistance against the compromise and capitulation, adhere to the anti-Japanese national united front, the KMT-CPC cooperation to maintain the overall unity and the role of war. Examination of various government rule in China in Nanjing 22 years, this period most of its political system is"open", the most"democratic"period.Anti-Japanese War was a war of liberation of the whole nation, the Chinese people through arduous struggles, and ultimately ushered in the victory, this victory is not only the Chinese people access to positive efforts and bloody battles, and with the national government to implement the political system in wartime also has a very close relationship. Wartime political system, both on the victory of the war have some positive effects, but there are also serious weaknesses and negative effects. We are in the evaluation of the National Government's wartime political structure, they should take a realistic attitude. At the same time, this wartime political structure formed under the conditions of the historical process of China after the war also had a very profound impact.This article focused on the systematic study of the features and development of the national government's political system during the Anti-Japanese War, explored the methods taken by the national government to improve the wartime political system during this period and its effects, and reviewed the democratic tendency in the wartime system of the national government during this period, thus to reveal the deep reason of the ruin of the national government.The wartime political system of Nanjing Kuomingtang government was the historical product of the Anti-Japanese War. The authority of Kuomingtang national government and Chiang Kai-shek's political prestige reached their height of power and splendour at this period, the light of democracy emerged for a time in the national political system. However, Kuomingtang and the national government didn't make the best of these political resources and seize this historical opportunity, in its most prosperous time of political prestige, they sticked to one-party dictatorship by use of government power in their hands, insisted on the so-called legislative governing, turned a blind eye to the democratic demands of the Communist Party of China, the other democratic parties and the different ethnics and fields. They launched three anti-communist campaigns right during the Anti-Japanese War, oppressed the other democratic parties, even plotted Wannan Event. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, they insisted on the civil war, dictatorship, overthrew the resolutions of Political Council, summoned the National Congress alone, all of which made China lose one good opportunity to develop into democratic legislative politics peacefully, they lost the social basis for its governing as well, and forced the Communist Party of China, the majority of different democratic parties onto its opposite side and ruined its governing of China in the peoples'revolutionary war.In a word, the operation of the national government's political system during the war proved that: on the one hand, the ones who control a country's political power can obtain the people's support on the condition that they will consider the benefits of the country, the nation and the people, and practice democracy and anti-Japanese war, and their political prestige will be enhanced, their governing will obtain the people's support; on the other hand, no matter how much political resources you have at your command, how powerful your political power was, you will be opposed and discarded by the people on the condition that you betrayed the benefits of the country, the nation and the people, and ignored the reasonable demands of different parties and different ethnics and fields.