Sun Jianai And The Changing Society During Late Qing Period

Sun Jianai,the champion in Xianfeng Dynasty of ninth years, had served as compile of the Imperial Academy,Hubei education administrator, minister of Rites,Personnel Affairs,Engineering Department,Penalty and Revenue.He took charge of teacher of Guangxu Emperor in 1878.Then he served as Jianyin of Shuntian,minister of the management of Peking Imperial University and president of the Advisory Council.He supported construction of the railway in the late Qing Dynasty. Sun Jianai debated for Strong Society and preserved it by the official press. He initiated Peking Imperial University In Hunderd Days of Reform with a new teaching mode to learn western culture which promoted the communication of Western classics. Sun Jianai combined with western political model, concluded the charter of Advisory Council and reformed central and local bureaucracy to promote the Qing Dynasty’s political modernization. Sun Jianai’s thought transformation path reflected some bureaucratic contradictory psychology when encountered with the impact of Western civilization in great change in the late Qing Dynasty.They wanted to learn western civilization but clung to traditional on psychological. Academia had suffered from data shortage on long-term and the study of Sun Jianai only confined to the period of the reform movement of 1898.The study is a lack of research about Sun Jianai’s style of upright officials formation, transformation during the period of Westernization Movement and his absorption of western political civilization in the late Qing Dynasty. This text took the Westernization Movement, the reform movement of 1898 and the late Qing Dynasty in the development into main line based on the original substantial data which tried to give him objective and fair evaluation.The period of Westernization Movement is a forming process of Sun Jianai official style and gradually understood western culture. When took charge of education administrator of Hubei, Sun Jianai observed rule of education administrator and recovered the provincial examination which stopped by the war. When held the post of mayor of shuntian,he proved highly successful at relief the victims, Ping Tiao raise grain and justice.He consisted with an upright officials of the official standard.But Sun Jianai did not to became a old bureaucrat.With the introduction of western new things, he had an open mind to cognitive them.He had different opinion to construct the Jintong railway against conservative bureaucrats.He became to think seriously about the foreign culture in Chinese development. He debated for Strong Society under political pressure, set up the official publish, published foreign books and purchased foreign instruments.He spread western culture in the capital.Although the official publish had not achieved effect,Sun Jianai provide a lesson for Peking imperial University.When Peking Imperial University built, Sun Jianai planed clearly from school location and repair, the draft of the articles of association, "Chinese idea with western expressions"thought put forward and the establishment of the subject teaching system.He tried to reserve talents for Guangxu Emperor. Sun Jianai had his own thinking about how to carry out the political reform. He did not reject reform, even thought that the reform after in 1894 was already lagging behind and the political reform was better than constant. Relative to the withdrawal of the six ministries, design board system and the existing bureaucracy diametrically opposite approach gentries modified, Sun Jianai chose more moderate measures.He required Qing government to print<Jiao Bin Lu Kang Yi Files Series> to official to express their reformation opinion.It could disseminate reform thoughts.And the Guangxu emperor could realize chancelleries’political attitudeThe political idea of Sun Jianai had changed in the late Qing Dynasty.He accepted the three powers division and judicial independence which reflected in the reform of the new politics.He orientated the Advisory Council for the mechanism shown in public sentiment, argumentative, the transition as a house.Sun Jianai allowed the emerging bourgeoisie to join the Advisory Council in which members had equal status and confirmed the public opinion supervision mechanism of administrative impeachment power.Sun Jianai also reformed the original six according to the modern state system, redivided the functional departments and increased the Ministry of agriculture and the Ministry of Posts and telegraphs in order to adapt to the society’s development. In the reform of the local bureaucratic system, he separated local judicial power from the executive power, and reduced local administrative levels to promote local work more orderly.