Late Qing China’s Regional Mines Management Locai Bureau Of Mines Study Centered

After the Opium War in 1840, the Qing government was forced to accept a variety of powers, the unequal treaties, the advanced capitalist countries to force open the door to China, the Chinese forced to the world, the destruction of China’s territorial sovereignty, political and economic have taken place unprecedented series of changes. from the 1860 s Zeng, Li and other local governors have opened the modernization of military and civilian industries in place to local governors as the representative of Westernization Movement to mark the opening.Modern mining and metallurgy industry began in the Qing Dynasty Westernization Movement, in 1877 the General Office of the Steamship delegate Li Hongzhang founded Kaiping coal mines, set up the official Governor’s Office of Kaiping Mining. The Qing government for their own interests, for the modernization of these mining and metallurgical industry did not take incentives. This period established by the Bureau of Mines on the one hand a limited number of the country did not involve only pilot in individual regions; on the other hand, although presided over by the provincial governors, but did not involve the management of the province, is responsible for managing a mere mines, a mining exploration distribution issues.After the Sino-Japanese War, the powers of various resources, China’s patent rights were plundered, countries of great powers to divide and conquer the China trend, the Chinese nation is facing the danger of being carved up so that the subjugation and genocide. Powers seized in China tenements, not only the majority of the region, its competence is very extensive. Coupled with the impact of national conscious thought, to recover mineral rights movement mobilized in many provinces and cities, officials and local gentry, businessmen as well as the progress of students all have to join them. In order to regulate the country’s mining management, to restore the economic rights of the purpose, the Qing central authorities have adopted a number of measures, which include setting various mining institutions, for national and local mining province unified specialized management; several amendments mines constitution. At the same time recover the mineral rights for local governors, service from the mining operation has also taken positive measures. On the one hand to meet the needs of Chinese society, on the one hand the powers of the mineral rights of the exclusion refuse snatch.Hunan Bureau of Mines is not only the right to pull Lee played a crucial role, but also for the development of modern mining and metallurgy industry has made important contributions to Hunan. Bureau of Mines in Henan survival time is very short, in the tenements subject to negotiations due to everywhere from the Qing court rule over the central and local Henan, the effect is not significant. The Anhui Bureau of Mines is a core plays an important role in nature, not only to combat the use of mine chapter legitimate, and make full use of the local powers to exert pressure on the Qing central government of the people to make the province a cohesive gentry and suppliers centripetal force.In the late Qing Dynasty era of social change the background, where the presence of the Bureau of Mines is not long, the last or merge other authority or abolished. However, mineral rights below the national recovery pattern of movement, PBM during its existence for the development of the local economy, society or played a certain role. Local Bureau of Mines during its existence, the right place for the benefit of Mines maintenance does play a vital role for the development of modern mining and metallurgical industry also contributes, at the same time regulate the development of local mining. But because of its short duration, and because they belong to a temporary local institutions, which in the nature of Government Commerce, which determines the local mining industry Mining is impossible to reverse the situation in China, it is impossible to solve the Chinese Modern Mining and fundamentally industry is facing a severe test.