| In recent years, the employment situation of graduates has increasingly become more serious for expansion of colleges and universities, their difficulties in employment have also attracted attention from governments and the Communist party of China.Simultaneously, how to solve problems of unemployment and raise the employment rate have become a hot issue in educational research. However, most existed researches at a synchronous perspective which just focused on the state macroscopic policies and plans,and rarely at a historical perspective to study the past practice for experience. The dissertation selects practices during the early period of Nanking national government enforced by central government, colleges and universities as well as social groups on unemployment of graduates as the investigation, presenting the details of unemployment and their related solutions, and then unfolding characteristics of governance and accomplishments achieved by three groups. Eventually, the dissertation summarizes experience and lessons which may be useful for recent governance.The disordered and poor-quality of higher education, traditional employment psychology and incomplete mechanism of society brought about some employment problems, included choices of graduates in geography and career were convergent; great differences were existed more than in national colleges and universities, the provincials and the privates but also among the three kinds of colleges and universities; theemployment rate at graduates of practical specialties was much higher than that in arts majors; female graduates shared a higher employment rate on account of their small group, but in some departments, large differences existed between female and male in their proportion, development and reward. Above problems gradually lessened employment chances of graduates and landed them into deep trouble. Those existed problems also provoked resistance and fight from graduates and undergraduates,criticism from social forces and their appeal on settlement, as well as reflection and reaction of universities and central government. Therefore, the governance complied with rules of integration of school education and social practice in addition to the temporary and far-reaching solutions had been enforced in stages of entrance, learning and graduation, and enforced under the macro adjustment of central government, the central sector of colleges or universities and the auxiliary function of social groups.Those measures were taken to improve the quality, structure, employment ability and social practice of graduates, as well as the absorption capacity of society. Eventually,some achievements were achieved through kinds of practices, for instance, optimization of graduates’ structure. Some students also gained jobs with helps of job introduction agencies, or civil servants examinations and business plans organized by the central government. Besides, the proportion of graduates in some departments was also increased.Even though the unemployment circumstance of graduates had not been thoroughly changed for the Anti-Japanese war, and the practice of unemployment governance had also moved to the marginal ares. However, historical experience of unemployment governance presented in following can we derived from their governance. Such as measures are taken to unemployment difficulties which arose on both the symptoms and rooted causes, emphasis on job investigation and encouragement of off-campus internship of graduates. At the same time, they also paid attention to information collection and work performance of job hunters. Likewise, lessons also can be learned from their practice that resulted in poor efficiency. For instance, incomplete cooperation among them, and solutions of governance had not been enforced as often as possible.Besides, fair employment mechanism had not been broadly established, and excessive pursuance of instrumental value in education reform. Experience and lessons presented above can enlighten recent governance of unemployment. |
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