| This experiment was conducted to analysis nutrients and anti-nutrient which is cyanogenic glycosides(in HCN) of flaxseed cake or meal from different producing areas as well as the nutrient utilization efficiency by Sichuan White Geese and Cherry Valley Ducks. Chose one sample which with the highest content of HCN to ferment to study the optimization parameters of microbiological solid state fermentation. And evaluated before and after the fermentation of flaxseed cake on the duck breeding value.Evaluated the nutrients of fermented and unfermented flaxseed meal, the metabolizable energy and nutrients utilization efficiency by Cherry Valley Ducks. Investigated the effects of diets which contained with different levels of fermented or unfermented flaxseed cake on production performance, organ index, blood lipid metabolism parameters of 1-21 d Cherry Valley ducks. The aim of this experiment was to providing scientific and realistic of processing technology of flaxseed cake and proper application of flaxseed cake in Cherry Valley ducks diets.The experiment was divided into five parts. The first part was determination the conventional nutrients and antinutritional factors(ANF) such as HCN and pectin content of flaxseed cake or meal samples from six different producing areas. The second part was metabolic test. To measuring metabolic energy, and the utilization efficiency crude protein,total phosphors and energy, healthy adult male Sichuan White Geese and Cherry Valley ducks with the similar body weight were chosen and randomly divided into 8 treatments with 6 replicates, respectively. The third part was the study of optimization parameters of microbiological solid state fermentation: strains, fermentation temperature, time, inoculum size, and water additional size of the solid medium, and their effects of on HCN content.And determine the conventional nutrients and antinutritional factors of fermented flaxseed cake, and the nutrient utilization efficiency by Cherry Valley ducks. The forth part was the feeding trial. 420 healthy 1-day-old male Cherry Valley ducks with similar body weight were randomly assigned to 7 dietary treatments following a randomized complete block design. Each treatment was replicated 6 times with 10 ducks per pen and raised to 21 days.The dietary treatments were designed as the unfermented diet which containing the unfermented flaxseed cake 0, 5%, 10% and 15%, respectively. And the fermented diet which containing fermented flaxseed cake 5%, 10% and 15%, respectively.The experiment results showed that:(1) The nutrient components of flaxseed cake or meal from different producing areas are diverse. Flaxseed cake or meal has higher amount of protein than most cake or meals,which range from 34.72% to 41.47%. The calcium content was low while the phosphorus content was high and the maximum reached to1.02%. The content of crude fat varied greatly which fluctuated between 2.60%~14.12%. The HCN level was changed greatly which ranged from 53.61 mg/kg to 394.99 mg/kg(P<0.05).(2) The AME variation of Sichuan White Geese and Cherry Valley Ducks from different producing areas were 3.49~10.33MJ/kg and 4.55~9.71MJ/kg, respectively, while the TME were 4.30~11.13 MJ/kg and 5.80~10.93 MJ/kg, respectively. The phosphorus utilization efficiency of Cherry Valley Ducks was significant higher than that of Sichuan White Geese(P<0.05).(3) The main factor influencing the effect of flaxseed cake is fermentation time, and secondary are the inoculum size, water and temperature, respectively. Under the conditions of this laboratory, flaxseed cake was 40 g, the optimization fermentation temperature, time,inoculum size, and water additional size were 33 ?, 60 h, Aspergillus niger and Candida utilis are both 1 m L, flaxseed meal(g): water(m L) is 1:0.8, respectively. Under this condition, the HCN content were reduced to 95.02 mg/kg from 396.09 mg/kg.(4) The AME, TME and the true utilization efficiency of crude protein and phosphorus of fermented flaxseed cake were all significant increasing compared to the unfermented flaxseed cake(P<0.05).(5) The dietary with 15% unfermented flaxseed meal, the average daily feed intake,the average final weight and average daily gain of ducks decrease significantly(P<0.05),but had no effect on F/G(P>0.05)).(6) The dietary with different level of flaxseed cake had no effects on immune organs index(P>0.05).(7) Flaxseed cake before and after fermentation significantly affect the relative weight and length of cecum(P<0.05).(8) Serum total triglyceride and total cholesterol were significant decreasing with the level of fermented and unfermented flaxseed cake increasing(P<0.05).In summery, the appropriate application amount of flaxseed cake which without treatment in the 1-21 d Cherry Valley ducks diet is 10%. The fermented flaxseed cake significantly increasing the relative weight and length of cecum. |
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