| When living organisms expose stressors,it may lead to decreasing feed intake and production performance,as well as low reproductive efficiency.Studies have shown that administration of vitamins,amino acids,trace elements and traditional Chinese drugs are of great significance in stress-induced injury.Thus,the search for more effective,safer and more economical drugs becomes highly significant.Big-leaf mulberry is a new hybrid plant from the application of cell engineering technology,and shows high nutritional value to the food in agriculture.Mulberry is a plentiful photochemical plant that be used to treat several diseases;for instance,it attenuates oxidative stress-mediated testosterone depletion,ameliorates obesity-related inflammation,shows antihyperglycemic actions,and induces apoptosis of cancer cells by decreasing the nitric oxide produced by the inducible nitric oxide synthase.Water immersion and restraint stress(WIRS)has been used by many scientists to induce reproducible stress ulcers in difference tissues.However,the effects of Big-leaf mulberry extract in WIRS induced stomach and testicular injuries are presently unknown.Nitric oxide(NO)produced by nitric oxide synthases(NOS)is a free radical and highly reactive lipophilic molecule produced in almost all tissues and organs,participating in a variety of biological actions under both physiological and pathological conditions.The reactive radical molecule mediates both servoregulatory and cytotoxic functions.In the current study,I chose the WIRS model to study the effect of Big-leaf mulberry extract on stomach and testicular dysfunction,and evaluated the potential molecular mechanisms of NOS involved.The activity of NOS and T-AOC in the mouse stomach and the gene expression of NOS in testes of different treatment groups(non-WIRS,3 h-WIRS,WIRS-recovery)were examined.Histological analysis of WIRS-induced gastric and testicular damage and immunohistochemical staining of NOS were also analyzed.1.Histological observations of stomach and testis following WIRSHistological observations of the sections showed that the stomach and testis from 3 h-WIRS produced some injury.And after 10 days’ recovery the injury were almost healed.Moreover,pretreatment with Big-leaf mulberry extract showed lighter damage than the control group.2.T-AOC and NOS levels in mouse stomach and testis with various treatmentsWIRS-exposed mice showed an enhanced iNOS and reduced cNOS activity in stomach,whereas pretreatment with Big-leaf mulberry extract decreased iNOS and increased cNOS,T-AOC activities.WIRS-exposed mice showed a reduced T-AOC activity in testis,and pretreated with Big_leaf mulberry extract could increase the level of T-AOC.The NOS activity showed no significance in different treatments.3.Immunohistochemical localization of NOS in the stomach and testisThe stomach immunohistochemical studies showed that iNOS and eNOS were strongly stained in the parietal cells while the expressions of nNOS were weak.Moreover,only iNOS and eNOS have expressions in the blood vessel.The testis immunohistochemical studies showed that both iNOS and eNOS were localized in germ cells,spermatozoa and blood vessels in addition to Leydig cells and Sertoli cells,but nNOS was not present in these areas.nNOS was strongly stained in Leydig cells,implicating a primary role in steroidogenesis.4.The expression of NOS mRNA in mouse testis of different treatmentsWIRS-exposed mice showed an increased iNOS and eNOS mRNA expression in testes,whereas pretreatment with Big-leaf mulberry extract down-regulated iNOS and eNOS mRNA expressions.In conclusion,my study initially indicated that WIRS could produce some injury in the mouse stomach and testis.Big-leaf mulberry extract exerted a protective effect on WIRS-induced gastric and testicular injury,and iNOS and eNOS appeared to exert an important action in the mouse stomach and testis exposed to WIRS.However,the specific regulatary mechanisms of three distinct isoforms of NOS are still required further studies. |
PDF Full Text Request