The Present Situation And Management Standardization Of Major Foliar Insect Pests In The Loess Plateau Of China

China ranks first in the world for apple production and exportation,and pest control is a key task in the process of apple production.However,fruit security problems caused by improper operation in process of pest control have become an important factor that limits the development of apple industry in China.In recent years,defoliator insect pests have become the major insect pests in apple production with the change of management methods.In order to solve the problems in the process of pest control,the major foliar insect pests in Loess Plateau was researched and the theory and methods of standardization was used to explore the measures of management standardization of major foliar insect pests,which would be of great importance for promotion of the quality and efficiency of apple industry in China.It showed that there were many kinds of foliar insect pests in these districts from the investigation on current situation of the occurrence and control of foliar insect pests in the Loess Plateau,however,the major species were Adoxophyes orana(Fischer von Roslerstamm),Lithocolletis ringoniella Mats,Tetranychus viennensis Zacher,Eriosoma lanigerum(Hausmann),Aphis citricola Vander Goot and Scarab.There were also many unscientific factors in the process of pest control.The fruit growers depended excessively on chemical control,and the method of pest control was mainly based on personal experience and pest control calendar,which is of great blindness.In addition,aging of apple tree,high planting density and high number of orchard cultivated in clear tillage increased the ecology suitability for insect pests,and weaken the control effect of natural enemies,which was not conducive to the sustainable control of pests on leaves.Based on the causes that caused the outbreak of major apple foliar insect pests in the Loess Plateau,the management strategies were worked out,including 3 parts and 5 measures.The 3 parts were based on the causes of occurrence of foliar pests,including enhancing tree vigor,enhancing control effect of the natural enemies and standardized control methods.The 5 measures were based on the problems of the apple production situation,including thinning,flower and fruit thinning,interplanting grass,soil improvement,standardized prevention and control measures.According to the purpose of the 5 measures,the implementation process of the control strategy was divided into 4 steps.Firstly,through thinning and flower and fruit thinning,the load of apple tree was reduced,this step could also increase the growing space for fruit trees.Secondly,through interplanting grass,soil improvement and flower and fruit thinning,the soil fertility could be improved.Finally,the control measures were taken at the key points when controlled the major foliar insect pests through prediction and forecast.In the process of making standardized control measures,by researching the dynamic changes of major foliar pests with the apple tree growth cycle,the key period for pest control was explored.Combined with the life habits and key control measures of these pests,standardized prevention measures were developed from a systems perspective.Thoroughly cleaning the garden and turning the tray in dormant period of fruit trees were crucial for destroying the overwintering pest source and reducing the occurrence of pests in next year.Then,according to the pest living habits,such as phototaxis,chemotaxis,aggregation,the black light,sweet and sour liquid attractant,and yellow board were set to trap pests in different period,which could get good prevention effect.The key period for chemical control were in the fruit germination stage and young fruit period,combined with the results of sex attractant,sweet and sour liquid and black light lamp,chemical control should be used in time in these periods,which were crucial for controlling the major foliar pests.