Effects Of Sugar Cane Extract On Intestinal Histological Morphology In Growing Pigs And Heat-stressed Rats

The intestine plays an important role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients.Intestine mucousal is responsible for immunity.In recent years,plant extracts become a hot topic for husbandry development for its multi-biological functions.Sugar cane extract(SCE)is a mixture of effective component by processing sugar cane,SCE has been reported to have many biological functions,included immunstimulation,anti-inflammatory,and antibacterial effects.However,there were fewer studies on intestinal development.The present studies aim to determine the effects of SCE on porcine intestinal morphology and protection function against heat stress-induced inflammatory in rats.1.Effects of SCE on growth performance,intestinal histological morphology,oxidative stress and serum immunity in young pigs116 pigs(52d old)were randomly assigned to 2 groups(Control group and SCE group).In Control group,pigs were fed with basal diet.In SCE group,pigs were fed SCE(1%)for three consecutive days per week for 4 weeks.Body weight,feed intake,number of diarrhea pigs were recorded and serum samples were collected by precaval vein each week.After 4-week feeding experiment,4 pigs were randomly selected and sacrificed.Immediately,small intestinal samples were collected.The results showed growth performance and diarrhea condition were not different between two groups.Dietary SCE benefited intestinal histological morphology.The intestinal villus were straight,and ileal Peyer's patches were clear and had a good cell junction in SCE group.There was a significant enhancement in villus height(p<0.05)and villus height/crypt depth(p<0.05)in SCE group.The goblet cells localization changed along crypt-villus axis.SCE increased goblet cells in the crypt.In SCE group,there was no significant difference in serum immunoglobulin level.The decreased serum interleukin(IL-2)and tumor necrosis factor(TNF-?)were determined in the 4th week in SCE group(p<0.05).Compared with Control group,mucosal CAT activity was significantly decreased in the 2th week in SCE group,and mucosal MDA content was lower in SCE group from 2th week to 4th week(p<0.05).Both the mucosal CAT activity of ileum and mucosal MDA content of jejunum were significantly decreased in SCE group.The present results suggested that SCE had positive effect on intestinal mucosal growth and antioxidative system,and decreased serum inflammatory cytokines in growing pigs.2.Effects of SCE on intestinal histological morphology,inflammatory cytokines and estrogenous estrogen receptor expression in heat-stressed female rats40 21-day old female Wistar Imamichi rats were randomly divided in two treatments.One was short period treatment for 10 days,and another was long period treatment for 42 days.Rats in the 10-day treatment were furtherly allotted into 4 groups to investigate the effects of SCE on body weight of rats,localization of goblet cells,intestinal inflammatory cytokines in heat treatment and normal temperature.Rats in the 42-day treatment were furtherly allotted into 4 groups to detect the effect of heat treatment and SCE on histological morphology and estrogen receptor of small intestine.The test used 2×2 two factors trial design,it is that two temperature conditions(heat treatment and normal temperature)and two levels of SCE addition(0 and 2.16%).There were 4 groups in the 10-day or 42-day treatments:Control,SCE(SCE),Control + Heat stress(CH),SCE + Heat stress(SH),5 rats in each group.In the beginning of experiments,the cages of heat stress groups were maintained in a special feeding equipment and set environmental temperature 38? for 3 hours from 12:00 to 15:00 each day.Control groups were put in room temperature of 25 ?.They all were maintained on the same 12/12 h light-dark cycle at 25? in the laboratory.All rats in short period treatment were sacrificed on the tenth day of experiment.Rats in the 42-day treatment were used to detect estrus cycling from 42 days to 45 days,making sure that rats were sacrificed in estrus in order to determine the expression of estrogen receptor in intestine.The results showed that:? Heat treatment significantly decreased body weight,while dietary SCE has no effect on body weight;?In the 10-day experiment,heat treatment significantly increased thymus index,ovary index and adrenal index,and dietary SCE reversely decreased significantly liver index.There were interative effect between SCE and heat treatment in spleen index.Dietary SCE significantly decreased spleen index.In the 42-day experiment,heat treatment significantly decreased kidney index;?In the 10-day experiment,PAS-staining showed that heat treatment groups had more goblet cells in duodenum compared with normal temperature groups;?In the 10-day experiment,dietary SCE decreased the mRNA expression of IL-1?,IL-6,and TNF-a in the ileum and jejunum;?In the 42-day experiment,HE-staining showed more duodenal gland in SCE group.Heat induced the deciduous epithelium in duodenum and jejunum;Dietary SCE significantly decreased villush eight in jejunum,and heat treatment significantly decreased villus height/crypt depth ratio in ileum;? ERa was only found in control ileal crypts,ER?was expressed in duodenum.Both dietary SCE and heat treatment slightly increased in duodenum ER? expression.There was no ER? expression in jejunum and ileum of Rat.In summary,2.16%SCE could decrease inflammatory cytokines levels and the IL-6 mRNA expression,change goblet cells localization,and alleviate intestine injury,but had no attenuated function for heat-induced body weight reduction and the damaged villus height/crypt depth ratio.42-day SCE supplement maybe not benefit for rats.Heat treatment and SCE both impacted the estrogen receptor expression in small intestine.