| Xylo oligosaccharide?XOS?and Probiotics regulate the immunity of the body by inhibiting the intestinal harmful microorganisms and improving the microecological balance of the digestive tract of the animals,then improve animal growth performance.There are no reports about the effect of XOS on sow production,transmission to offspring by sow,and the synergistic effect of XOS and probiotics on the sow and their offspring production.Through three experiments,the objective of this study was to select the optimal dosage of XOS by using xylose oligosaccharides as experimental materials and pregnant sows and piglets as model animals.Then the effect of supplementing sow diets with XOS and probiotics on the reproductive performance,fecal microorganisms were evaluated,such as the growth performance,digestive physiology,intestinal development and immune function of piglets.This may lay a theoretical foundation for the development and utilization of oligosaccharides and probiotics as an alternative to antibiotics.In experiment 1,a total of 50 multiparous sows were randomly assigned to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of five levels of XOS on the reproductive performance of sows.The diet treatments included the control diet with no XOS,the control diet containing 87.5 mg/kg,175 mg/kg,262.5 mg/kg or 350 mg/kg XOS,with 10 replicates per treatment and 1 sow per replicate.The trial period lasted for35 days from d 100 of gestation until d 21 of lactation.The average daily feed intake?ADFI?of sows during the whole lactation period had a trend to increase with the increase of XOS levels?P=0.051?,and the production process and estrous interval of sow were shortened?P>0.05?.Adding 87.5 mg·kg-1 and 175 mg·kg-11 and 262.5 mg·kg-1XOS to sow diets,the back fat loss of sow was significantly lower than that of control group?P=0.025?.In general,supplementing the diets of lactating sows with 175 mg/kg XOS was the most suitable.In experiment 2,a total of 60 purebred sows?34 parity,Landrace or Yorkshire?on 90 day of gestation,similar body weight and expected date of birth,were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments to investigate the effects of XOS and probiotics addition in diet of sows on reproductive performance,immunity,fecal microorganism of sows and growth performance of suckling piglets.The treatments included the control diet?sCON?,the control diet containing 175 mg/kg XOS?sXOS?or 175 mg/kg XOS and 300 mg/kg probiotics?sXOS+PR?,with 20 replicates per treatment and 1 sow per replicate.The trial period lasted for 52 days from d 90 of gestation until d 7 after weaning.In late gestation,supplementing sow diets with XOS alone or the combination of XOS and probiotics?P=0.050?increased the feed intake of sows during lactation.Compared with the control group,XOS addition in the diet of sows alone or with probiotics shortened the production process?P>0.05?and the estrus interval?P>0.05?.The survival rate of weaned piglets was significantly higher than that of sCON group?P=0.038?.The data showed that the dietary of sow supplemented with XOS and probiotics increased the fecal microbial diversity.In general,the combination of XOS and probiotics in sow diet had no additive effect on the reproductive performance of sows and the growth performance of their offspring.In experiment 3,the study investigated the effects of supplementing sows and/or their offspring diets with xylooligosaccharides?XOS?and probiotics?PR?on performance,nutrient digestibility,intestinal development and immune function of piglets.On d 21 of age,240 piglets were randomly assigned within blocks to 1 of 6treatment in a 3×2 factorial arrangement?3 types of sow diet:sCON,sXOS?175mg/kg XOS?and sXOS+PR?175 mg/kg XOS+300 mg/kg PR?;2 types of piglet diet:pCON and pXOS addition?175 mg/kg?in a randomized complete block design?.The trial period lasted for 28 days from d 21 of age until d 49 of age.Sow diet had a significant effect on diarrhea rate?P=0.003?and diarrhea index?P=0.002?of piglets on d 21?49.Piglet diet added XOS significantly deduced the average daily feed intake?P=0.024?and the ratio of gain to feed?G/F,P=0.002?,but had no significant effect on the daily gain?ADG?of piglets?P>0.05?.Sow diet added XOS significantly increased the digestibility of dry matter,crude fiber and general energy?P<0.001?.Piglet diet significantly increased the digestibility of crude protein?P<0.001?.Sow diet significantly affected the activity of alanine transaminase?ALT,P=0.026?and the glucose content of piglet serum?P=0.006?.Sow diet and piglet diet had significant interaction on the activity of alanine transaminase?P=0.019?and the ratio of ALT to AST?P=0.023?.Sow diet or piglet diet significantly affected the piglet serum level of IgA?P=0.021,P=0.008?,and there was significant interaction between the two treatment diets?P=0.012?.Supplementing sow diet with XOS significantly increased the villus height of duodenum of piglet?P<0.001?,and significantly reduced the villus height of jejunum and ileum?P=0.004,P<0.001?and the crypt depth of duodenum and jejunum of piglet?P=0.012,P<0.001?,and significantly increased the ratio of the villus height and the crypt depth?V/C?of the duodenum and jejunum?P<0.001?.Supplementation piglet diet with XOS significantly increased the villus height of the duodenum?P<0.001?,and also significantly reduced the villus height of jejunum and ileum,and the crypt depth of the jejunum?P<0.001?.There was a significant interaction between sow diet and piglet diet on the V/C ratio of the duodenum?P<0.001?and jejunum?P<0.001?and ileum?P=0.044?.In general,adding XOS to sow or piglet diet can reduce diarrhea,promote intestinal development,and promote the digestion and absorption of nutrients.These results indicate that sow diet supplemented with 175 mg/kg XOS during the late pregnancy could increase the feed intake,shorten the production process andestrous interval of sow,increase the weaning survival rate of their offspring and the diversity of the microbial flora of the feces,but had no additive effect combined with300 mg/kg probiotics.In late gestation,the addition of XOS in sow diets can reduce diarrhea rate of piglets,promote the development of duodenum and jejunum in weaned piglets,and improve digestibility of nutrients.This can promote the growth and intestinal health of piglets. |
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