The Research On The Chemical Constituents,Absorption And Metabolism Of Chrysanthemum Flos Processed By Sulfur Fumigation

1 ObjectiveTo investigate the the influence of the dosage of sulfur on the quality and the enzyme activity of Chrysanthemum, we prepared the samples of Chrysanthemum processed by different dosage of sulfur somked. And to compare the absorption and metabolism of Chrysanthemum processed by sulphur fumigated and hot-air drying, in this study,the vitro intestinal absorption and metabolism in mice were successfuly developed.On this basis, we carryed out the study of anti-oxidative stress effect of Chrysanthemum processed by different technology. Finally, we optimized a better processing method for Chrysanthemum.2 Methods2.1 The study on the influence of different dosage of sulfur on the quality and the enzyme activity of ChrysanthemumTo evaluate the correlation between the dosage of sulfur and components- enzyme activity – SO₂ residues of Boju, we made the sulphur fumigation experiment and prepared the Boju samples processed by different dosage of sulfur.2.2 Intestinal absorption studyWith the jejunum of rats to outer, we got the intestinal absorption of sulfur smoked and hot air. After processed, a HPLC and UPLC-MS were used for half quantitative and qualitative assessment.2.3 Metabolic studyBy making mould in the jugular vein intubation in rats, the blood was collected at different time points using automatic collection, after gived sulphur fumigated and hot-air drying Chrysanthemum water extract via oral. The plasma was the blood centrifuged at 4?C. The plasma samples were processed by hydrochloric acid and acetonitrile for protein deposition. And a UPLC-MS was used to analysis 10 compounds in plasma.2.4 The study of anti-oxidative stress effectIn the oxidized low density lipoprotein?ox-LDL? induction of human vascular endothelial cells?HUVEC? as the research object, we preliminarily studied on the protection of different Chrysanthemum water extract of HUVEC caused by ox-LDL oxidative damage.2.5 The study on optimizating a better processing methodWe prepared samples of Chrysanthemum processed by different processing, and a HPLC was used for quantitative assessment. At the same time, to the study the antioxidant activity of the Chrysanthemum, we conducted antioxidant experiment in vitro, including DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assay. And a UPLC-QTof-MS was employed for qualitative assessment.3 Results3.1 The results of the influence of different dosage of sulfur on the quality and the enzyme activityIn this chapter, the results showed that the content of chlorogenic acid, galuteolin and3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid increased with the increase of sulfur. But the content of apigenin, diosmetin and acacetin decreased with the increase of sulfur. We also found that the activity of PPO and POD enzyme decreased obviously in the Chrysanthemum processed by sulfur, and the higher the dosage, the lower the enzyme activity.3.2 The results of Intestinal absorption in vitroWe found that, the Chrysanthemum after sulphur fumigated, the compositions of intestinal absorption decreased and the content reduced. In the process of the small intestine absorption, flavonoid glycosides can translate into flavonoid aglycones, but the flavonoid aglycones are not easy to be absorbed by small intestine.3.3 Metabolic resultsIn this chapter, we compared ten compounds in plasma after recommended sulphur fumigated and hot-air drying Chrysanthemum water extract via oral. We found that the concentrations of ten compounds in the hot-air drying plasma were higher than sulphur fumigation, except for caffeic acid in high dose, and the ten compounds had a clearly bimodal phenomena, while it was not obvious in sulphur fumigation plasma.The HL?z and MRTlast of the plasma compounds had a comparatively great difference between hot-air drying plasma and sulphur fumigated plasma. So after sulphur fumigated, it had a great influence on the eliminating rate and residence time of plasma components.3.4 The results of anti-oxidative stress effectIn this chapter, we discovered that the water extract of hot-air drying Chrysanthemum can inhibit HUVEC lipid drops of endocytosis better than sulphur fumigation. In addition, compared with sulphur fumigation, the water extract of hot-air drying Chrysanthemum can effectively increase the level of ROS and MDA, at the same time can significantly increase SOD activity.3.5 The results of optimizating a better processing methodThe results show that the different drying technology had a great effect on the appearance, quality and activity of Chrysanthemum. With the increase of hot air temperature, the color of Chrysanthemum was gradual browning. And the content of flavonoid glycosides and phenolic acids were reduced, while the flavonoid aglycones were increased. At the same time, the antioxidant activity was obviously decreased.The color of Chrysanthemum processed by microwave drying was bright, had no obvious difference. The speed of the track and operating current were the main factors which affected the chemical composition and antioxidant activity. But the microwave drying was high cost and poor safety.4 Conclusion4.1 The changes of the chemical composition in Chrysanthemum processed by sulphur fumigation due to the influence of enzymatic browning enzymes. The nature of sulfur also lead to the increase of SO₂ residue.4.2 After sulphur fumigated, the metabolism of absorption are obviously affected, and it can irritate the gastrointestinal tract.4.3 After sulphur fumigated, the anti-oxidative stress effect of Chrysanthemum decreased.4.4 Sulphur fumigation can significantly affect the chemical composition, absorption and metabolism. So in this paper, we compared the chemical composition, drying time,appearance and economic cost of different drying process, and then we optimized the best drying technology was less than 60?C hot air drying, and this process can be used in production.