Chemical Components And Antibacterial Activity Of Essential Oils From Eight Kinds Of Chrysanthemum

Chrysanthemum, the dry capitulum of compositae chrysanthemum(Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat), belong to Ser. Indica Tzvel. same as Dendranthema indicum(L.). Chrysanthemum is sweet, bitter in taste, and a little cold in nature with the advantages of dispelling wind, clearing heat, calming liver, improving eyesight and detoxifying. Chrysanthemum morifolium contains volatile oils, flavonoids, triterpenoids, organic acid and other chemical components, which exhibits antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and immunoregulation activities. Volatile oils from Chrysanthemum is material basis of effectiveness in bacteriostasis. Chrysanthemum is not only for watching, but also for eating in Kaifeng, which has a long history of cultivation and has abundant resources. But present, the research on the constituent and activities of Kaifeng Chrysanthemum seesential oil had not been reported. In this passage, we studied the composition and antibacterial activity of Kaifeng Chrysanthemum volatile oils(KFC1?KFC2?KFC3?KFC4?KFC5?KFC6?KFC7) and compared with Huaiju, which provided a theoretical basis for the scientific, and rational development on research of chrysanthemum cultivated in Kaifeng.1.The volatile oils was extracted from dried Chrysanthemum by steam distillation. The content of volatile oil from KFC1?KFC2?KFC3?KFC4?KFC5?KFC6?KFC7 and Huaiju were 0.22%, 0.20%, 0.50%, 0.20%, 0.24%, 0.28%, 0.25%, 0.21%.2.The essential oils compositions of KFC6 were detected by GC-MS and GC×GC-TOFMS. 75 chromatographic peaks were separated and 12 compounds were identified by GC-MS. 317 chromatographic peaks were separated and 145 compounds were identified by GC×GC-TOFMS.3.The chemical components of essential oils from Chrysanthemum(seven Kaifeng Chrysanthemum and Huaiju) were analyzed by GC×GC-TOFMS. The sesquiterpeniods, monoterpeniods, alcohols, acids, and hydrocarbons were main fractions in volatile oils. The sesquiterpeniods held about 22.25%~43.97% of the total essential oils from eight kinds of Chrysanthemum. After the analysis of GC×GC-TOFMS, the essential oils from Chrysanthemum morifolium were the same in the main compound type, The difference among the essential oils mainly displayed in some different chemical constituents, as well as different content of the same compound.The main components of essential oils from seven kinds of Chrysanthemum cultivated in Kaifeng were [S-(R*,S*)]-3-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-6-methylene-cyclohexene, 3,7,7-trimethyl-1,3,5-cy cloheptatriene, 1-phellandrene, [4aR-(4a?,7?,8a?)]- decahydro-4a-methyl-1-methylene-7-(1-methylethen yl)- naphthalene, [2R-(2?,4a?,8a?)]-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydro-4a,8-dimethyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-napht halene, Ledene oxide-(II), 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-1,4-cyclohexadiene, camphor, isoborneol, caryo phyllene oxide, 1,8-cineole, [1S-(1?,2?,5?)]-4,6,6-trimethyl-bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-ol, 2,6-dimethyl-3,5-heptadien-2-ol, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-benzene.After a comprehensive analysis of chemical components in the essential oils from eight s pecies of Chrysanthemum, the results showed that 42 kinds common components in essential oils f rom seven kinds of Chrysanthemum cultivated in Kaifeng and 37 kinds of common compositions with Huai Chrysanthemum. 37 kinds of common compositions were ?-Pinene, Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one-1,7,7-trimethyl-(1S), Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-4-methylene-1-(1-methylethyl), 1,8-cineole,(E)-3,7-di methyl-1,3,6-Octatriene, Camphene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-Benzene, 1,4-Cyclohexadiene, 1-methy l-4-(1-methylethyl)-,(1S,3R,6R)-(-)-4-Carene, E,E-2,6-Dimethyl-1,3,5,7-octatetraene, 3,7,7-trimethyl-1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene, [S-(R*,S*)]-5-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-2-methyl-1,3-Cyclohexadiene, ?-Farnesene,Cyclohexene, [S-(R*,S*)]-3-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-6-methylene, ?-Calacorene, Ledene oxide-(II), Caryophyllene oxide, [1S-(1?,2?,5?)]-4,6,6-trimethyl--Bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-ol, 4-trimethyl-3-Cyclo hexene-1-methanol.There were 10 kinds of components which were endemic to KFC1, the total relative co ntent of which is 1.175%. Monoterpenes, aldehydes and olefine are the major types of compounds.There are 10 kinds of components which were endemic to KFC2, the total relative content of w hich is 0.878%. Alcohol, carboxylic acids and ester, others hydrocarbon are the major types of co mpounds. There are 17 kinds of components which were endemic to KFC3, the total relative con tent of which is 0.698%. Ketone, sesquiterpene, carboxylic acids and ester are the major types of compounds. There are 12 kinds of components which were endemic to KFC4, the total relative c ontent of which is 0.26%. Alcohol, carboxylic acids and ester, others hydrocarbon are the major ty pes of compounds. There are 10 kinds of components which were endemic to KFC5, the total re lative content of which is 0.580%. Monoterpenes, aldehydes, carboxylic acids and ester are the ma jor types of compounds. There are 5 kinds of components which were endemic to KFC6, the tot al relative content of which is 1.193%. Sesquiterpene, carboxylic acids and ester, phenol are the m ajor types of compounds. There are 4 kinds of components which were endemic KFC7, the total relative content of which is 1.317%. They are L(-)-Carvone(0.045%), 2-methyl-3-methylbutyl ester butanoic acid(0.030%), 1,2-diethoxy-ethane(0.163%), 3-methyl-pentane(1.079%).4.The antibacterial activity of 7 kinds of essential oil from Kaifeng Chrysanthemum and huaiju were estimated by detecting inhibition zone, the minimal inhibitory concentrations(MIC) an d utilized fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. The antibacterial effects of volatile oil from Chr ysanthemum on Staphyloccocus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Xanthomonas citri, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Monilia albican, Penicillium citrinum were tested by using agar diffusion meth od.The results of inhibition zone showd that 8 kinds of Chrysanthemum volatile oil had diff erent inhibition effect on gram-positive bacterium and gram-negative bacterium at high concentratio n(25 mg/mL). Apart from KFC5 and KFC7, the others had moderate inhibition effect on 3 types of fungus. Analysis by synthesis, the essential oil extracted from one kind of Chrysanthemum had different inhibition action to seven strains, and different Chrysanthemum volatile oil had different i nhibiton ability to the same strain. The bacteriostasis of essential oils from seven kinds of Chrysan themum cultivated in Kaifeng have some different, which have certain complementarity.The minimal inhibitory concentrations of seven kinds of Chrysanthemum cultivated in Kai feng on bacterium was lower than the 3 species of fungus. Based on a comprehensive analysis, T he MIC of volatile oil inhibiting Bacillus cereus was the lowest among all the bacterial strain, apa rt from KFC2 and KFC4, the MIC of others are 0.39 mg/mL, and the MIC of 8 kinds of essenti al oils was lower than the positive contrast drug(ethylparaben). The MIC of KFC6, KFC1, KFC5 and KFC4 was lower than Huaiju and the positive contrast drug on Staphyloccocus aureus, and o thers had the same with both. The MIC of KFC6, KFC4, KFC3, KFC2 and Huaiju was lower tha n ethylparaben on Bacillus subtilis, and the KFC6(1.56 mg/mL) under Huaiju(6.25 mg/mL). The MIC of 8 kinds of Chrysanthemum volatile oil was lower than the positive contrast drug on Xant homonas citri, and KFC6, KFC3, KFC2 was lower than Huaiju.The bactriostasis of 7 kinds of Chrysanthemum cultivated in Kaifeng, Huaiju and the preservative(ethylparaben) were assessed by fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. The order of comprehensive antibacterial ability is KFC6>KFC3>KFC1>KFC2>Huaiju >KFC4> ethylparaben >KFC5>KFC7.The bactriostasis of essential oils from Chrysanthemum is closely related to its chemical composition, and studies have shown that part of the ingredients having a strong antimicrobial effe ct. 1-phellandrene, eucalyptol, camphor, isoborneol, ?-farnesene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-1,4-cyclo hexadiene,(S)-1-methyl-4-(5-methyl-1-methylene-4-hexenyl)-cyclohexene, ?,?4-trimethyl-3-cyclohexene-1-methanol,(S)-1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-cyclohexene, nonanal, 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-pheno l, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-benzene, ?-pinene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-1,4-cyclohexadiene, 1R-?-pinene, 2-hexenal, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-1,3-cyclohexadiene, carvone, 3,3,6-trimethyl-1,5-heptadi en-4-one and benzaldehyde, are important material base of antibacterial effects of essential oils fro mChrysanthemum. The hydroxy and the unsaturated double bond are important structural basis of a ntibacterial effects of essential oils from Chrysanthemum. The essential oil from Chrysanthemum is mixture, which was composed of multi-ingredient. The antibacterial activities of essential oils fro m Chrysanthemum is due to the synergistic effect of multi-ingredient.The study indicated that essential oils obtained from KFC6, KFC3, KFC1 and KFC2 had superior comprehensive antibacterial ability than Huaiju and preservative(ethylparaben), which de monstrated the potential of Kaifeng Chrysanthemum as natural preservative.