| Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.is a famous medicinal plant cultivated in many region of China.Chrysanthemum flos is the dried flower head of Chrysanthemum morifolium,which is extensively applied to foods and medicines.However,utilization and explotation of Chrysanthemum folium and Chrysanthemum caulis are rarely reported.In order to facilitate the development and utilization of Chrysanthemum morifolium resources,Chrysanthemum folium and Chrysanthemum caulis were studied using Chrysanthemum flos as the control.Flavonoids and volatile oils were isolated from different plant parts such as flowers,leaves and stems.The chemical constituents were identified,and their antibacterial,antioxidant and anti-aging activities were analyzed.The main methods and results are as follows:(1)The volatile oils of Chrysanthemum flos,Chrysanthemum folium and Chrysanthemum caulis were extracted by CO2 Supercritical Fluid Extraction instrument.The chemical constituents of the volatile oils of three plant parts were identified by Gas Chromatography-mass spectrometer.A total of 76 chemical components were identified.The main components are monoterpenes,sesquiterpenes and anthraquinone derivatives.There are 29 kinds of compounds coexisting in three plant parts,which account for 72.69%,72.73%and 63.22%of the volatile oil components of flowers,leaves and stems,respectively.The volatile oil extracts of the three plant parts are subtle differences.The content of two kinds of organic acids,three flavonoid glycosides and four flavonoid aglycones in three plant parts of flowers,leaves and stems were determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography.The results showed that apigenin,luteolin and linalin had the highest content in Chrysanthemum flos;chlorogenic acid,4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid,The content of luteolin and apigenin was the highest in Chrysanthemum folium,while the content of geranin and acacetin in Chrysanthemum caulis was the highest among the three.(2)The two-dilution method and the Oxford cup method were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration and antibacterial activity of flavonoids and volatile oil on Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli,Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger.The results of the assay showed that the antibacterial effect of the volatile oil of Chrysanthemum folium was the best,and the inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus was the strongest.Then,the antibacterial mechanism of the volatile oil of Chrysanthemum folium was explored.It was found that the electrical conductivity,extracellular potassium,calcium,sodium and magnesium ions of Staphylococcus aureus increased significantly after exogenous oil of Chrysanthemum folium,and the content of extracellular polysaccharide and protein was increased.Increase,through the change of growth curve,it can be shown that the volatile oil of Chrysanthemum folium has obvious inhibitory effect on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus.The results of cell wall integrity and electron microscopy indicate that the volatile oil of Chrysanthemum folium can cause the change of cell membrane permeability of Staphylococcus aureus,and Destroy the integrity of the cell wall and cause damage to the surface of the cells.(3)By removing DPPH+· and ABTS+· free radical experiments in vitro,it was found that the flavonoids and volatile oil extracts had strong antioxidant activity;Animals were divided into high and low dose groups and blank control group.After the end of feeding,the content of malondialdehyde(MDA),superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT)and enzyme gene mRNA were determined.The results showed that the extracts of Chrysanthemum flos and Chrysanthemum folium flavonoids could significantly reduce the MDA content in male and female Drosophila,increase the activity of SOD and CAT in Drosophila,and also have similar effects on the expression level of enzyme mRNA.The antioxidant activity of Chrysanthemum caulis in vitro and in vivo was weaker than that of Chrysanthemum flos and Chrysanthemum folium.(4)Drosophila was used as experimental animal,and high-and low-dose groups were combined with blank control group to study the average lifespan and half-life average of flower,leaf and stem extracts of different plant species.The effects of lifespan,half of death time and average maximum lifespan were found.The results showed that the effect of extracts of Chrysanthemum caulis on the lifespan of Drosophila was the best,followed by Chrysanthemum folium,both of which were significantly higher than those of Chrysanthemum flos and Negative.At the same time,it was found that the lifespan of Chrysanthemum folium and Chrysanthemum caulis had different effects on the Drosophila of male and female flies,and the effect of prolonging the lifespan of female flies was best with low dose of Chrysanthemum folium group.optimal. |
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