A Study On The Traffic Pass Of Qin-Han Dynasty

In ancient China,as an important naming system, the traffic pass is an important and powerful tool for the central government to control the people and preserve the social order.It originated in the Western Zhou Dynasty, developed in the Chun-Qiu and the Warring States time and becomes mature in the Qin-Han time. The use of the traffic pass is for thousands of years.In Pre-Qin time,Jie,Fu,Zhuan,etc,mainly belong to the traffic pass and the reason s that the traffic pass appears can be summarized into six aspects: the symbol of the keepsake; emergency measures in special circumstances; an important means to control the people; the need of political stability; social hierarchy of signs; the security of the spread for the decree.The traffic pass mainly includes the Jie, Fu, Zhuan,Guosuo,Qi,Ru,Zhi,etc,in Qin-Han period.Jie becomes a senior proof from an usual proof in Pre-Qin and Qin-Han Dynasty.In terms of the inside, it's on behalf of the emperor's authorization, in terms of the outside, it stands for the country.Fu can be divided into official and private use.The official use can be divided into the entrance-exit and duty. The shape of Fu can be divided into two handles which carves the teeth. It works out if the two handles combine with each other.Official Fu is with a number and can be made in advance. Personal Fu mainly belongs to the the officers' families which writes the family members' names,ages,looks and the goods they carry in detail, and it's not with the number.Zhuan contains the gate-entrance use,official use and private use.According to different use-situation,Gate-entrance Zhuan is divided into two kinds: the first is the QiZhuan that is a temporary tool for the palaces' entrance-exit; the second is the ZhuanShu that is a tool for the imperial park's entrance-exit. In addition, as a kind of glory, there is a another Zhuan for the Wang Mang's mansion's entrance-exit.Official Zhuan includes the ZhuanXin issued by theYuShiDaFu and the Zhuan issued by the county officers.ZhuanXin is with numbers.According to the different identity of officers and the different things do, the officers can enjoy the the vehicle, food, hotel and other services; in the situation that other public Zhuan with no number, the officers' treatment is limited.Personal Zhuan is still not with numbers.Firstly it should apply for the town officials, then the county officials should agree with the application with seal.And generally, it can not enjoy the vehicles and other treatment.Fu and Zhuan need to be sealed in some way, then it can be effective.The conditions of the use all need to summarize and report to the leaders.Guosuo evolves from the Zhuan,and the specific situation is not clear.The original meaning of the Ru is the color of the Zeng silks and changes to the traffic pass in later time. The shape of Guosuo is with two handles and can produce in advance.It works out if the two handles can conglutinate.The relationship between Ru and Zhuan is reflected in the word “FuZhuan”.It means that the Zhuan needs to record it and check the information when leave the place and the Ru is instead of it because the conditions are complicated.The original meaning of Zhi is sending and changes to be another name of the writ in Qin-Han Dynasty.The sites of the use of Zhi includes two situations: one is that when transporting some important materials, it needs to inform and explain to the relevant departments in advance; the other is that it should cooperatively use with the traffic pass and it plays the role of the writ.When the officer and people individually leave the customs pass,he just needs the traffic pass; however, when he leaves and carries excessive supplies,he needs to apply for the Zhi to illustrate the specific circumstances.When someone leaves the customs pass, the officers in the customs pass need to check the Zhuan and Zhi, if the one has the Zhuan and Zhi, then the offices can let him leave. Ji is as one of the common forms of writ in Qin-Han time and it is the summary of the similar writ. ZhiJi is the summary of the similar content writ of Zhi. Traffic pass in Qin-Han Dynasty is with a distinct hierarchy and the purpose of stabilizing the regime.It combines rewards and punishments so that it forms a highly mature writ-administration system.It has a profound influence on the later time and has the long vitality.