A Study Of The Tijuchangpingsi's Supervision And Audit Of Famine Relief In Song Dynasty

The Tijuchangpingsi(?????),which was known as Tijuchangpingguanghuicangsi(????????),Tijuchangpingchayansi(???????),Changpingcangsi(????),Changpingsi(???),Tijusi(???),Cangsi(??),Yusi(??)and Yutai(??),was the first original specialized and normalized famine relief management department in Song Dynasty.In the occasion of the Tang and Song dynasties,there was a adjustment period of the central and local relations.In order to prevent the emergence of local separatism of the late Tang Dynasty and even five generations,to strengthen the central control of the local,and to strong trunk and weak branches,the Song Dynasty set up"road"level Administrative institutions,and gradually set up several departments at the road level,which were Zhuanyunsi(???),Tixingsi(???),Tijuchangpingsi(?????)and so on.These departments with the nature of the central dispatched agencies,were on behalf of the central to supervise the local and respectively deal with affairs.At the same time,these departments coexisted,and did not belong to each other.Among them,the Tijuchangpingsi(?????)was responsible for the famine relief affairs.The civil official who was appointed by the central,held the post of the ephor of the Tijuchangpingsi(?????)called tijuchangping officer(?????).Starting from institutional settings of the Tijuchangpingsi(?????),this paper intended to figure out the status movements of the Tijuchangpignsi(?????)and to systematically investigate the famine relief supervising and auditing duties of the Tijuchangpingsi(?????).According to the characteristics of the Song Dynasty's famine relief,the famine relief was divided into three parts:disaster inspection and tax mitigation,famine prevention and grain storage,famine relief process.This paper intended to investigatethe process,that the Tijuchangpingsi(?????)supervised and audited disaster inspection and tax mitigation,famine prevention and grain storage,famine relief process.The first chapter focused on the institutional settings and duties of the Tijuchangpingsi(?????)in the Song Dynasty.The Tijuchangpingsi(?????)of the Song Dynasty experienced a tortuous development process.The Tijuchangpingsi(?????)was created and completed the road level system to become a inspection department of a road in Shenzong(??)Xifeng(??)period.And then,the department was abolished in Yuanyou(??)period,reconstucted in Shaosheng(??)period,abolished again in Jingkang(??)period.Afterward,the Tijuchangpingsi(?????)was abolished and reconstructed frequently in the early Southern Song Dynasty,and it restored the status of inspection department in a road until the Shaoxing(??)fifteen years.The supervising duties of the Tijuchangpingsi(?????)took supervising and recommending as the center.The audit duties of the Tijuchangpingsi(?????)took auditing accounts,checking money and materials as the center.The famine relief duties of the Tijuchangpingsi(?????)were mainly reflected in several aspects:managing famine prevention and grain storage such as changpingcang(???)and yicang(??),relieving the victims,supervising famine relief activities of state and county.The second chapter focused on the supervision and audit of disaster inspection and tax mitigation.The Song's authority of disaster inspection and tax mitigation had gone through a process that was a gradual decentralization from the central to the local.In the process,the system of disaster inspection and tax mitigation had been formed,which took the Zhuanyunsi(???)as center.However,due to the Zhuanyunsi(???)placed extra emphasis on the collection of financial resources and taxes from the local,there were congenital defects in the system of disaster inspection and tax mitigation which took the Zhuanyunsi(???)as center.Therefore,the court often decreed the Tijuchangpingsi(?????)to supervise disaster inspection and tax mitigation,and intended to make up for deficiencies of the system of disaster inspection and tax mitigation on the actual operation level.The third chapter focused on the supervision and audit of the famine prevention and grain storage.The supervision and audit of the famine prevention and grain storage had shown a hierarchical system compatible with its own system.And it could be dividedinto two parts:the audit of the money and grain and the supervision of the officials.Report and audit,patrol and inspection were the two main ways to the supervision and audit of the famine prevention and grain storage by the Tijuchangpingsi(?????).The fourth chapter focused on the supervision and audit of the famine relief process.In the process of famine relief,relief money and grain and officers were the two important elements.Through patrolling and inspecting disaster places,the Tijuchangpingsi(?????)supervised the use and distribution process of the famine relief money and grain,ensured that the famine relief money and grain benefit the people.At the same time,the Tijuchangpingsi(?????)supervised famine relief work of the state and county government officials,inspected and prosecuted ineffective and unconventional officials,recommended capable officials,and ensured the smooth progress of the famine relief work.The fifth chapter investigated that the Tijuchangping(?????)officer supervised and audited the famine relief affairs,that based on the case of Zhu Xi's famine relief project in eastern Zhejiang.Through the combination of general analysis and case analysis,this chapter intended to present the scene that the supervision and audit of the famine relief by the Tijuchangpingsi(?????).In general,the Tijuchangpingsi(?????)was the first original system of the Song Dynasty,and its characteristics was low status and heavy authority in inspection departments of the road level.The Tijuchangpingsi(?????)experienced abolition and reconstruction many times,and had different functional emphasis in different periods.However,in the context of work specialization of famine relief in Song Dynasty,as a specialized and normalized famine relief management department,the Tijuchangpingsi(?????)had the effect of implementing the famine relief system and policies,correcting the disadvantages in famine relief affairs,and ensuring the smooth implementation of the famine relief work.This system was only in the Song Dynasty,and it was unique and normalized management department of the famine relief in the history of ancient Chinese famine relief management.