On The Establishment Of British Transportation System In 1718

The Transportation system occupies an important position in the history of modern penalties in Britain.The establishment of the Transportation system has an important influence on the transition of modern penal methods in Britain.First of all,the establishment of the Transportation system has eased the severity of the penalty in the United Kingdom and reduced the previously unreasonable situation of"Overpunishment".Secondly,the establishment of the Transportation system has changed the British penalties,marking the beginning of the rationalization of the British penalties.The history of British penalties has opened a new page.In the end,the establishment of the Transportation system opened the process of the modernization of the penalty in Britain,and had an important impact on the modernization of the penalty in Britain.This article attempts to use the Transportation system as a key system,conduct a comprehensive study of its establishment background,process,causes and impacts,focusing on the reasons for its establishment and its significant role in the modernization of the British penalty.The paper is divided into five parts:The introduction partly explains the purpose and significance of the research,its scope and methods,research status and existing problems.The first chapter mainly introduces the basic crimes and penalty methods in Britain before the establishment of the Transportation system.Since the late 17th century,Britain has caused an increase in the number of crimes and an increase in the crime rate due to population increase,"Enclosure Movement" and Poverty.This chapter specifically analyzes the basic characteristics of British crime in the late 17th century and early 18th century,and believes that crimes committed by Britain during this period were transferred from the countryside to the cities,and crimes against property were the main crimes.In view of this basic situation,this chapter further analyzes the response measures adopted by the United Kingdom.Before the establishment of the Transportation system,the British penalties are mainly minor offenses,that is,heavy penalties are imposed on most crimes regardless of the severity,especially Death penalty.The second chapter mainly discusses the reasons for establishing the Transportation system.At the end of the 17th century and the beginning of the 18th century,the British penalties had their limitations.During this period,Britain's imprisonment environment was poor,prison management was chaotic,and the cost of prison illness and imprisonment was high.The public hanging used at the time was not only cruel and irrational,but also ineffective because of the pardon power,including the Benefit of Clergy,Royal Pardons and Jury's Discretionary Power,which has provided the necessity for the establishment of the British Transportation system in 1718.At the end of the 17th century and the beginning of the 18th century,with the development of politics,economy and society in Britain,people's concept of punishment changed from bloody violence to rational peace,from deterrence punishment to corrective punishment,etc.which has provided the possibilities for the establishment of the British Transportation system in 1718.The third chapter mainly discusses the establishment of Transportation system.This chapter discusses the promulgation of Transportation Act,the implementation of Transportation systems,and the effects of transportation.In 1718,the British Parliament enacted the "Transportation Act",which marked the formal establishment of the Transportation system in the United Kingdom.The full text of the Act consists of nine articles that specify the length of Transportation,the procedures for Transportation,the sentencing penalty,and the consequences of non-observance of the Transportation Act.The Act stipulates that criminals can be transported abroad for seven or fourteen years to avoid felony or death penalty.This is a boon for criminals who have been sentenced to death for minor crimes under the cruel persecution of heavy crimes.This article also details the implementation of Transportation,and discusses the implementation of the two phases of the Transportation system.After long-term practice and the efforts of various social strata,the British government finally chose the Transportation system as the most important punishment method except death penalty.Transportation does not require the death of a prisoner who commits a misdemeanor,which incurs social criticism.It also powerfully punishes the prisoner's body and mind and plays a good punishment.The fourth Chapter describes the impact and evaluation of the establishment of Transportation system.The Transportation system has had an important influence on the history of British penalties.It has reduced the cruelty of the British penalty and promoted further changes in the British penalties toward a more rational direction.At the same time,the arrival of large numbers of offenders also promoted the social and economic development of colonies.The history of the penalties in the United Kingdom is a progressive history.From the death penalty to Transportation,from Transportation to Imprisonment,from Imprisonment to the abolition of the death penalty,Transportation is the first turning point in the history of British penalties,and therefore of great significance.There is no Transportation system in it as a transitional stage,and the change of British penalties is unimaginable.The conclusion is based on the analysis of the background,causes,process and impact of the establishment of the British Transportation system,and concludes that the Transportation system has important implications for the change of the British penalties and the modernization of the penalty.That is,the Transportation system promotes the change of the penalties to the humanitarian direction.It has become a bridge from the abuse of the death penalty to the modern imprisonment punishment;thus,the Transportation system has become the beginning of the modernization of the British penalty.At the same time,we should also look specifically at the Transportation system historically.Although it still has many unsatisfactory places,although its punishment is still harsh for prisoners,the history of penalties has improved after all.Therefore,in summing up all the above discussions,we should look at the Transportation system more objectively and comprehensively.