| Stone Figures as a kind of art modeling that were created by Eurasian steppe nomadic ancestors,which reflects the aesthetic sentiment and art manners of Eurasian steppe nomadic tribes.Due to the influence of the region and the environment,the cultural relics of the Stone Figures show different temporal and spatial distribution characteristics and the different of the relics.Based on the environmental factors and the regional factors on the ancient nomadic culture has made the Stone Figures in Xinjiang that were different with the Mongolian Stone Figures,the Southern Siberian Stone Figures,the Southern Russia grassland Stone Figures,Central Asia Stone Figures in terms of different characteristics and distribution.Based on the research results of archaeological survey in Xinjiang,From the perspective of geography,firstly use the precise location function of Google Earth to collect the position data of Stone Figures,using the predecessors' research achievement in the fields of image science,archeology,history and so on to summarize and establish the database of cultural relics of Stone Figures.Secondly,using the spatial analysis and statistical function of GIS to deep analysis and excavate the spatial location information.Migration of temporal and spatial distribution by using spatial statistical analysis of different indexes in the study area,the degree of aggregation of Stone Figures cultural relics distribution direction,distribution center,and further analysis and research on the natural geographical factors of Xinjiang area spatial distribution patterns caused by the study area of vegetation,soil,elevation,slope,geomorphic units;Finally,from the evolution of Xinjiang's cultural structure,religious communication,national policy changes,carving style,facial features,tombs and other cultural factors to discuss the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics and evolution of the grassland Stone Figures,and obtained the following main conclusions:(1)Through the activity center of cultural relics found:the number of Stone Figures showed a trend of first increasing and then reduction.From 15.9%of the Bronze Age to 16.7%of the early iron age and the northern and Southern Dynasties,then quickly grew to 56.3%of Sui and Tang Dynasties,finally rapidly dropped to 11.1%of the five generation of the Song and Yuan Dynasties.Combined with the evolution of cultural patterns and the spread of religious culture study in the region of Xinjiang find that the generation are closely related to the nomadic primitive religious beliefs,the rapid development are closely related to the west of the Central Plains culture in the period of Han Dynasty and the east of the western culture,the thriving are related to The rule of the Western Turkic Khanate in Xinjiang and The prosperity of the Silk Road in Sui and Tang Dynasties,The declined of Stone Figures caused by Islamic stone is widely spread in the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains in the Song and Yuan Dynasties.(2)The spatial distribution characteristics of "half-moon" is closely related to its unique landscape pattern of "two basin of three mountains" and the survival mode of nomadic people who lived in the base of animal husbandry economy.By the analysis of the direction distribution and the nuclear density analysis of the Stone Figures' cultural sites in different historical periods found that:from Bronze Age to the Northern and Southern Dynasties,it is mainly concentrated in the Aletai area of northern Xinjiang,it also showed that nomadic activities in this period was more concentrated in the north than in the south,and the overall distribution trend of diffusion is in the South-North direction.Since Zhang Qian left for the western regions in Western Han which promoted cultural exchange and communication between the Central Plains and the Western.Also,the dynasty of Sui and Tang mainly concentrated in Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture,the Central region of Tienshan and Urumqi city,the dynasty of Song and Yuan concentrated in Yili,all that illustrated nomads originated in the Aleta,due to the natural factors,like climate change and the rapid growth of the population,ethnic conflicts and the behavior of state,forced continued expansion from the south to the north to look for a more suitable place to live,meantime,the Southern nomads activity is more concentrated than the North,the overall trend of diffusion is in the direction of East-West.(3)From the activity center analysis of the cultural sites,found that from the Bronze Age to Song and Yuan Dynasties,the nomadic activity center first moved to southwest,in the Han Dynasty and the northern and Southern Dynasties formed inflection point moves to eastward,and then continue to move to the southwest.It indicates that climate change is the dominant factor of nomadic migration before the early Iron Age,and after the early Iron Age,the main factor is based on the rule and management of the Central Plains Dynasty to the Western Regions.(4)The evolution characteristics of grassland Stone Figures affected by environment and Xinjiang race.In the Xinjiang region's analysis which based on landforms,soils and vegetation,we found that Stone Figures sites are mainly located in flat,below 2000m,foothills,suitable for grazing regions,like hills,plains and valley.Main activities in the northern region could described as that North to the Altai Mountains,South to Tien shan,Alataw Shan and Tarbagatai Mountains in the West,Beita mountain in the East.The occlusion of external transport and trade,low levels of productivity,making them worship nature so that their religious belief about building Stone Figures to ensure the souls of their ancestors alive can be inherited and continued.While climate change and population growth led to the Europoid which had high and narrow noses and oval faces migrated to eastward,and they met the Mongolian which had a wider nose-wing and a round face in Xinjiang.After that they formed the main race of ancient Xinjiang.The carved Stone Figures mainly took the form of Europoid,Mongolian and the mixed type race. |
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