Study On The Perspective Of The Customs Of Hunan's Foreign Trade (1899-1937)

With the establishment of Yochow and Changsha Customs,Hunan's rapid rise in foreign trade,increasingly involved in the unequal international trade system.The opening of the Hankow,the rise of the Yangtze River business road changed the traditional business structure of the South China to Xiangtan as the center of Xiangnan business road began to decline until the Yochow,Changsha's opening,Hunan completed the regional economic center and political center of the historical process,Hunan traditional trade patterns to achieve modern transformation,the specific performance in three areas: First,the market structure to complete the adjustment and update,the development of mature regional market has been the formation of the national market docking,and with the capitalist world market direct contact and exchange;Second,the unprecedented expansion of trade scale,changes in the nature of trade,trade trends in general Rise;third,to agricultural products and raw materials exchange of industrial products trade structure with the trade progress has undergone some adjustments.Through the phased analysis of Hunan's foreign trade development,1900-1913 is the "take-off" stage of Hunan's foreign trade,and the import trade has the stage advantage;1914-1927 is the rise of foreign trade in Hunan,the export trade performance is outstanding;1928-1937 is the peak of import and export trade is also toward the stage of micro-stage,on the one hand is the hinterland of social and economic prosperity led to the expansion of trade scale,on the other hand the government's policy and social behavior to get rid of the situation by the people,to domestic trade Expand the advantages of the impact of the customs-led trade situation.From the terms of trade point of view,modern Hunan's terms of trade is favorable,specialty goods have a long period of market competitiveness.This paper argues that the two most important factors that affect the changes in foreign trade in modern Hunan are from the international market and the impact of the domestic social and political environment.Hunan export commodity production and sales,and gradually to the world market demand for the transfer of trade price initiative loss,the price of imported goods entirely by the international market decision,man-made manipulation of export prices,ignoring the domestic production costs.The long-term decline in the price of silver for heavy goods is heavy,man-made silver prices to stimulate the expansion of import trade,local trade into the increasingly serious.At the beginning of the 20 th century,with the rise of China's nationalist thought,the contradictions and conflicts with Western capitalist countries were escalating.With the rise of the anti-goods movement,driven by the patriotism of the people,the domestic market is growing,the trade situation has changed.Social level of efforts to rise to the government level of active competition,the restoration of tariff autonomy,the implementation of the new tax rules to a certain extent,promote the export trade.