Effects Of Labor Migration On Mixed Farming System In Mountainous Area,China

The mixed agricultural system has been the main agricultural system in East Asia and is the basis of traditional farming.Farmers maximize the return on production by integrating crops and livestock,maximizing the use of limited land and capital,and minimizing production risks.At the same time,through the mixed agriculture to diversify the income sources,to ensure food security,improve land productivity and sustainable use.The material cycle and energy flow between crops and livestock also help to reduce damage to natural resources.For example,livestock feeds crops in the form of feces,crop by-products and residues provide feed for animals.The type of crop and livestock systems developed at any particular location is a function of agricultural ecological conditions.Driven by the huge population pressure in rural China,non-farm employment and various ancillary industries are also associated with local crop-livestock systems to maximize the labor force.Huang Zongzhi refers to this situation as the avoidance of land use,that is,in the case of surplus labor without agricultural job opportunities,farmers usually work with very low marginal pay to meet the needs of household consumption.Traditional rice / silkworm / silk weaving systems and the nearest wheat / livestock system in rural China can absorb older people,women and children to work.In addition,a variety of crop systems(intercropping,relay crops and sequential crops)are common and crop growth is in order to sustain livelihoods and cash.In addition,in order to make a living,planting a variety of crops(such as intercropping,intercropping,etc.)is also common in rural areas.Since the reform and opening up,with China's industrialization and urbanization process of rapid progress,rural surplus labor force continued to non-agricultural industries.Some scholars believe that China began in 2003,"Lewis turning point",that is,labor from surplus to shortage,the demand growth rate of supply growth faster than with the rapid increase in the cost of labor opportunities,the rural labor force to further accelerate the pace of urban migration The Affected by this,rural development and rural land use have undergone a more obvious transformation.There has been a wide range of concerns about the reduction of cultivated land use,the decline of multiple cropping indexes and the marginalization of farmland.At present,scholars generally believe that the main reason for the marginalization of agricultural land is that as the wages of non-agricultural workers continue to rise up,the rural labor force to a large number of non-agricultural industries caused by labor shortage.In the rural areas,the structural characteristics of "semi-work and semi-farming" based on intergenerational division of labor gradually formed,and a large number of young and middle-aged laborers in the countryside entered the city,while the lack of labor force for the elderly and the labor force decreased the cultivated land use intensity,Reduce or even abandonment.In addition,in different regions,socio-economic and geographical environment and other factors also affect the extent of agricultural land use process and pattern.Two opposing conditions are typically postulated for the early phases of migration:(i)the removal of labor threatens the capacity of households to respond to labor demands,leading to a decline in cultivation and agricultural production and(ii)remittances overcome labor shortfalls and provide capital inputs to make agricultural improvements.A majority of studies support the former,concluding that migration undermines agricultural systems;labor loss deprives households of necessary labor,and remittances are seldom invested in landesque capital or other improvements needed to maintain and improve the agricultural sector.In this paper,through the field investigation of Chongqing mountain area and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau agricultural area,this paper systematically studies the impact of labor force precipitation on agricultural system,and uses metrological economics to carry out quantitative research.For our country for different regions of agriculture and animal husbandry modernization and sustainable development,while the regional land resources for sustainable use and management to provide theoretical basis and case reference.In the case of animal husbandry,both in the mountains and in the plateau are industries that require a lot of labor support.The labor force is particularly influential.The farmers and herdsmen are likely to reduce the size of the animal husbandry to cope with the labor shortage caused by the labor shortage The In terms of cultivation,the labor force has a negative impact on the overall agricultural livestock,but there is a difference between the plateau agricultural area and the mountain agriculture.The results show that:1)The following conclusions are drawn in the Mountain area: i)the labor force precipitation has a significant effect on farmer farming and farmland abandonment.The results show that the labor force has a significant effect on farmer farming and farmland abandonment.The farmer's labor force continues to fall out of the rural crop-livestock compound system in the context of the rising cost of farming opportunities.ii)Farmers' livestock farming affects the abandonment of arable land.the impact of labor precipitation on livestock farming is mainly reflected in the livestock and poultry farming,the farmers will be the livestock and poultry farm,the livestock and poultry farming,As far as possible to ensure that livestock farming to meet their own consumer needs.The migration of agricultural labor force to non-agricultural employment has led to the reduction of farmer farming and the increase of cultivated land.This is consistent with the conclusions of the relevant study.However,in the specific mechanism of action,the conclusions of this paper and they are different.Based on the structure of crop and livestock system,this paper examines the impact of labor force precipitation on the whole system structure.The study suggests that the effect of agricultural labor force on cultivated land comes from two aspects.On the one hand,the large amount of agricultural labor force migrate to non-agricultural employment transfer,resulting in the lack of agricultural labor force,and because of the low comparative benefits of agriculture,making a large number of cultivated land abandoned,abandoned;the other hand,labor migration also impacted the farmer's livestock,The labor force is reduced because of the shortage of labor force,and it is difficult to support the large-scale commercial livestock breeding because of the shortage of labor force.Therefore,the traditional rural retail scale is shrinking.The narrowing of the scale of livestock farming makes it unnecessary for farmers to plant corn and other crops such as corn and sweet potatoes,and the corresponding part of the cultivated land is also difficult to escape.2)In the agricultural area of the Tibet Plateau,the labor force has a significant negative impact on the animal husbandry of the plateau,which fully reflects the great dependence of the animal husbandry on the labor force Sex.Gender plays a more important role in the plateau agricultural area.The departure of the male labor force and the departure of the female labor force are not the same for the planting industry.With the migration of the female labor force to the non-agricultural employment,the farmers will reduce the cultivated area,but the barley Production has not been affected,indicating that the movement of women's labor force more affected the diversity of farmer crop cultivation.It is noteworthy that non-farm income in the plateau region has a positive impact on the cultivated area of farmers and herdsmen,indicating that the plateau farmers and herdsmen will invest a portion of their income into agriculture,to a certain extent improve labor migration resulting in the lack of agricultural labor force residents,thus contributing to local agricultural development.There is a significant positive correlation between subsidized income and the number of livestock,due to the subsidy income of the plateau region,including grassland subsidies and livestock subsidies.This kind of government subsidy income is an important source of cash income for local farmers and herdsmen.In the survey,we found that many herdsmen expressed the wish to do business,but the lack of funds,farmers and herdsmen hope that the government can provide financial assistance or low-interest loans.