Game Between Ecological Restoration And Farmers' Livelihood Based On Ecosystem Disservices

Ecosystem disservices(EDS)have been neglected in the ecosystem services(ES)for a long time.There are some adverse effects appearing even ecosystem produce positive services for human beings at the same time.For example,after ecological quality improved,wild animal could exert an effect on the production and living of nearby residents due to its increasing number.This is a kind of phenomenon of anti-services in ecosystem field.The region areas of this research include national concentrated poverty mountainous area,mainly focusing on the forest edge part of the village located upstream of the western Qinling and Xihanshui River region with fragile ecological sensitive area.With the examples of " boars into retreat" through interview,questionnaire survey,field survey,sampling,farmers tracking methods of research and analysis of the game theory model,it is trying to reveal both the negative influences brought in the process of the construction of ecological restoration ecosystem services on local farmers livelihood and the game between the interests of the ecological reserve.Through the game model,the game strategy combination of different development stages should be obtained.Moreover,according to the EDS phenomenon and the main contradiction in different stages,the corresponding measures and suggestions are given.This thesis shows that:(1)the afforestation project in 1999-2015 has increased the forest coverage rate from 30.5% to 49.5%,the vegetation coverage has reached 73.5%,and the ecological quality has been improved.In this context,107 of the total 155 villages in the seven townships surveyed were affected by wild boars,and 44 villages were badly affected.(2)EDS in the research field is embodied in four aspects: the destruction of farmland,movement of farmers' living,abandoned farmland increasing,risks among the villagers' physical and mental health and life security threats even livestock.(3)There are many reasons for the phenomenon of “boars into retreat”: improvement of habitat,wild boar protected by law,wild boar population characteristics,farmers' awareness of ecological protection,the effectiveness and motivation of farmland management,etc.(4)It has been a total of eight game strategies combined of "stakeholder"(" boar ",farmer and government).only if the government implements corresponding policies to reduce the loss or raise the income and improve the livelihood of the farmers,the farmer actively protects the ecological ideal model in the case of without changing ecological planning objectives with the government together.According to the game model,the optimal strategy of "human pig game" is obtained,and the research data proves the reliability of the strategy.(5)It takes three stages to solve the problem between human being and pig.The first stage is talking about the feasibility strategy of the government to reduce the farmers' loss and alleviate the problem of human and swine,namely(the boar encroaching—the farmers' prevention and control—the compensation for government compensation).According to the research and statistics,the compensation standard of compensation for the government is simulated,which is used to alleviate the main contradiction of the coexistence of human and boar in this stage.The second phase is ecological sustainable strategy:(boar violations—farmers without controlling— government ecological compensation),adjust the farmers living way,and then get farmers to actively support the ecological recovery and protection;The third phase is the terminal stage that the contradiction of people and boar completely be solved.On account of the limited compensation of government,it will be the ultimate goal of this phase to achieve the harmony between human beings and nature,even the continuous improvement of the ecological environment.This thesis is looking forward to the disservice concept of ecosystem which can provide theoretical guidance for the coordination and mutual benefit between China's current ecological construction and the livelihood of local farmers.Through the construction of game model,the game equilibrium strategy under different stages of development is simulated with the game model.Meanwhile,the overall development strategy measures for solving the contradictory between people and pig are put forward.what's more,it can provide a reference for other similar terrible places.