| Edible chrysanthemum,a medicine food homology plant with strong xanthine oxidase(XO)inhibitory activity and potential for the prevention and treatment of hyperuricemia,is a potential candidate for dietary chrysanthemum phenolic extract based-functional food to treat hyperuricemia.However,the wide variety of edible chrysanthemum hindered the cultivation,intensive processing and consumption of different cultivars of edible chrysanthemums and the development of edible chrysanthemum-derived hypouricemic functional foods.In the present study,the similarities and differences of phenolic profiles and XO inhibitory(XOI)activities of 15 edible chrysanthemum samples from mainstream chrysanthemum cultivars were analyzed.The specific cultivar of edible chrysanthemum possessing the strongest XOI activity was screened.A rat model of hyperuricemia was used to figure out whether the specific edible chrysanthemum extract could resist to hyperuricemia and related complications via multiple targets.XOI activity-oriented quality control standards of the specific edible chrysanthemum were identified.The results will provide theoretical guidance for rational cultivation,intensive processing and consumption of edible chrysanthemum and theoretical and methodological supports for development of specific edible chrysanthemum-derived hypouricemic functional foods and XOI activity-oriented quality control of specific edible chrysanthemum during planting,processing,transportation and storage.The main results were listed as follows:(1)Fifteen extracts were prepared from 11 different cultivars of chrysanthemums(Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.‘Hangbaiju',‘Gongju',‘Chuju',‘Qiju',‘Huaiju',‘Boju',‘Chuanju',C.indicum,C.tinctoria,Imperial Chrysanthemum and C.officinalis)using ultrasonic-assisted ethanol extraction.A total of 41 individual phenolic compounds were identified.It was the first time that the phenolic profiles of C.morifolium ‘Qiju',C.morifolium ‘Chuanju' and Imperial Chrysanthemum had been determined.Fifteen chrysanthemum samples could be divided into 7 groups based on phenolic profiles and the chrysanthemum samples in the same group could be used as substitutes for each other to some extent.C.morifolium ‘Gongju',C.morifolium ‘Chuju' and Imperial Chrysanthemum possessed less phenolics and a few flavone and flavanone aglycones.C.morifolium ‘Huaiju' and ‘Boju' possessed high contents of flavone and flavanone aglycones.C.morifolium ‘Qiju' and ‘Chuanju' had abundant phenolic acids and flavonoid glycosides with high contents.The varieties and amounts of phenolic compounds in C.morifolium ‘Qiju' and ‘Chuanju' were not inferior to those in ‘Hangbaiju'.C.tinctoria had less phenolic acids but unique and abundant flavonoids.C.officinalis had less phenolics.C.indicum had phenolics with abundant varieties but moderate contents.An XO reaction-UPLC-MS coupling method was used for comparative evaluation of XOI activities of 15 extracts prepared from 11 chrysanthemum cultivars.C.morifolium ‘Boju' extract(CBE)showed the strongest XOI activity(45.68 ?mol AE/g extract),having great potential to be used as functional food ingredient to treat hyperuricemia.C.morifolium ‘Boju' is a good source for XOI ingredient.(2)In terms of a potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic rat model,the multi-path and multi-target mechanisms underlying the hypouricemic effect of CBE were clarified using biochemical characterization and serum metabolomics.The results showed that CBE resisted to hyperuricemia via multiple targets including inhibition of serum XO activity,up-regulation of renal ABCG2 expression,down-regulation of renal URAT1 and GLUT9 expression,protection of renal function and amelioration of lipid metabolism.Hyperuricemia induced by potassium oxonate mainly resulted in abnormal amino acid and lipid metabolisms,leading to chronic kidney disease,inflammation and hyperlipidemia.Compared with allopurinol,CBE reducing indoxyl sulfate level to inhibit the pathogenesis and progression of chronic kidney disease,decreasing the levels of lysophosphatidylcholines to alleviate hyperlipidemia,and reducing arachidonic acid level to alleviate inflammation,exhibited the applicability and superiority in the treatment of hyperuricemia.This study shed light on a promising strategy to use CBE as a sustainable food/functional food ingredient for the prevention and treatment of hyperuricemia.(3)The volatile and phenolic profiles of 31 batches of C.morifolium ‘Boju' collected from different vendors in herb/tea market were obtained by HS-SPME-GC/MS and UPLC-MS,respectively.An XO reaction-UPLC-MS coupling method was used for comparative evaluation of XOI activities of extracts prepared from 31 batches of C.morifolium ‘Boju'.The result showed that volatiles,phenolics and XOI activities of C.morifolium ‘Boju' were correlated closely.The minority of C.morifolium ‘Boju' in herb/tea market exhibiting abundant characteristic monoterpenoids(1,8-cineole,filifolone,borneol,?-terpineol,cis-chrysanthenol acetate,thymol,(+)-trans-chrysanthemic acid and piperitenone)and flavonoid aglycones and strong XOI activities clustering as a group was suitable for hypouricemic functional foods,while the majority of C.morifolium ‘Boju' possessing few characteristic monoterpenoids(chrysanthenone,zingiberene and ?-sesquiphellandrene)and flavonoid aglycones and moderate XOI activities clustering as another group was unsuitable for hypouricemic functional foods.Seven XOI activity-directly related phenolics were identified by UPLC-MS-based spectrum-effect relationships.The XOI activities of 7 phenolics decreased in an order of diosmetin > acacetin > apigenin > luteolin > eriodictyol > 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid > acacetin-7-O-glucoside.Diosmetin and acacetin showing the strongest XOI activities among these phenolics were comparable to allopurinol.Apigenin and luteolin possessed relatively high XOI values.Eriodictyol and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid exhibited moderate XOI activities.Acacetin-7-O-glucoside having an extremely low XOI value was excluded from XOI activity-directly related phenolics.Six XOI activity-directly related phenolics exhibited competitive inhibition of XO.Key XO inhibitors including luteolin,apigenin and acacetin were identified as XOI activity-oriented quality control standards of C.morifolium ‘Boju' by the direct contribution of each XOI activity-directly related phenolic to XOI activities of 31 batches of CBEs.Ten XOI activity-indirectly related monoterpenoids were identified by HS-SPME-GC/MS-based spectrum-effect relationships.Among them,eight monoterpenoids were exactly dominant monoterpenoids in the minority of C.morifolium ‘Boju' with strong XOI activities.Key volatiles including filifolone,?-terpineol,thymol and piperitenone were identified as XOI activity-oriented quality control standards of C.morifolium ‘Boju' by bivariate correlation analysis of XOI activity-indirectly related monoterpenoids and key XO inhibitors. |
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