Study On The Green High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Methods For Detection Of Sulfonamides Residues In Animal Derived Foods

The purpose of green high performance liquid chromatography analytical methods is to reduce or eliminate reagents or other chemicals that are harmful to human health and the environment,and to make the analysis process more efficient and environmentally friendly without affecting the performance of the analysis.Sulfonamides are synthetic broad spectrum antibiotic that have been widely used in the prevention and clinical treatment of bacterial diseases in livestock and poultry.The use of veterinary drugs reduces the incidence of animals while increasing the risk of veterinary drug residues in animal derived foods.With the increasing living standards of people,consumers have higher requirements for the health and safety of animal derived food.The traditional reversed phase liquid chromatography methods for sulfonamides residues detection in animal derived foods have the problems of high consumption of organic solvents and time-consuming sample pretreatment.The purpose of this study is to establish the fast,low-cost and environmentally friendly methods for the detection of sulfonamides residues in several different animal derived foods.The main research work is as follows:?1?A green high performance liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of nine sulfonamides using ethanol as the green alternative solvent has been developed and validated,and the method was successfully applied to beef and milk samples.Chromatographic parameters such as the number of theoretical plates,resolution,and asymmetry factors were used to investigate the effects of different detection temperatures and organic solvents on chromatographic performance.In addition,the greenness assessment with combination of semi-quantitative analytical Eco-Scale and visualized greenness profile accurately and intuitively reflected that the proposed method is environmental-friendly and greener than other reported high performance liquid chromatographic methods,so it can be used as an alternative method to the conventional high performance liquid chromatographic methods for monitoring of veterinary drug residues of sulfonamides in animal derived foods.?2?A mixed micellar liquid chromatographic method using mixed anionic and nonionic surfactants as mobile phase additives for determination of eight sulfonamides has been established,which allowed the direct injection of the milk samples into the chromatographic system without any organic reagents and adsorbent materials for sample preparation.The effects of chromatographic factors such as the type of stationary phase,the type and concentration of organic reagents,the type and concentration of surfactants,the type and concentration of mixed micelles,and the pH of mobile phase on the retention behavior of sulfonamides were investigated.Compared with a single surfactant micelle liquid chromatography method,the proposed method improves the separation effect and shortens the analysis time.Sulfonamides were successfully separated within 15 minutes by the isocratic elution mode.?K_AM and?K_SW were firstly used to explain the retention mechanism of sulfonamides in mixed micellar liquid chromatographic mode based on three-phase equilibrium theory.In addition,different types of micelle solutions were compared during the sample preparation.The dilution and filtration methods were used in the sample preparation without any harmful reagents and special adsorbent materials.The established method,which is rapid,low-cost and environmentally friendly,can be successfully applied to the detection of sulfonamides residues in milk samples that produced by different manufacturers.?3?A gradient micellar liquid chromatography has been established for the separation of eight sulfonamides,and dodecyl dimethyl betaine,which is a novel zwitterionic surfactant,was used as the mobile phase additive.The ability of the micellar solution to directly dissolve proteins was used in the sample pretreatment process.The honey samples were directly diluted by the sodium dodecyl sulfate micellar solution.Chromatographic parameters such as the number of theoretical plates,resolution,and asymmetry factors were used to investigate the effects of different detection temperatures and organic solvents on chromatographic performance.The proposed method is a low cost and environmentally friendly method that can be successfully used for the detection of sulfonamides residues in commercially available honey.In addition,the successful application of dodecyl dimethyl betaine in gradient micellar liquid chromatography also proves that it has a good application prospect in the field of analytical chemistry.