| The experiments were conducted at the Wheat Experimental Base of Shanxi Agricultural University in Jinnan region in 2016-2017.The experiment was conducted with two-factor split plot design,taking the irrigations times as a main factor,and sowing method as a sub-plot factor.The seeds variety was‘Liangxing 99'.The four irrigation times were used:(1)W0,no irrigation was applied.(2)W1,irrigating at jointing and anthesis.(3)W2,irrigating at jointing and anthesis(4)W3,irrigating at jointing and anthesis and grain filling.Two sowing methods were drilling sowing(DS)and wide space sowing(WSS).To study the impacts of different irrigation times and sowing methods on the on the characteristics of growth and development of winter wheat,nitrogen uptake and utilization characteristics,yield formation,grain protein content and quality of winter wheat,aiming at clarifying the suitable sowing method and suitable irrigation amount of winter wheat in Jinnan area,trying to explore the festival new technology for water irrigation.The main results are as follows:(1)With the increase of the times of irrigation,the total water consumption will increase accordingly,the consumption of soil storage water will gradually decrease,the proportion of irrigation water in the total water consumption will increase,and the natural rainfall utilization rate will decrease.Under the W3 treatment,the soil water supply accounted for 26% of the total water consumption,the total water consumption was the highest,the natural precipitation utilization rate was the lowest,and the irrigation water utilization rate accounted for the highest proportion of total water consumption.With the increase of irrigation amount,the water consumption in the flowering-mature stage increased,and it was significantly different from W0;the water consumption in this stage was 105-216 mm,the water consumption modulus was 25%-40%,and the daily water consumption was 2.5-5mm.In the jointing-flowering stage,the water consumption in W1 and W2 was significantly higher than W3.With the increase of irrigation times,the water use efficiency showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing.The water use efficiency of W1 treatment was the highest.Under the same irrigation conditions,WSS can significantly increase the total water consumption and water use efficiency and enhance the rainfall utilization rate compared with DS.WSS significantly increase the water consumption,water consumption modulus,and daily water consumption during the joint-maturity stage.(2)With the increase of irrigation times,the treatment of W1 and W2 can significantly increase the number of tillers in the booting-anthesis period.With the increase of irrigation times,the leaf area index at each growth stage,the plant height at each growth stage,and the dry matter accumulation at maturity can be significantly correlated with the times of irrigation..Compared with the control,the treatment of W1 and W2 significantly increased the plant height at the anthesis-maturity stage.Compared with the control,each irrigation mode increased the dry matter accumulation at maturity by 800,1800,2500 kg/hm2,and increased by 6,13 and 19 percentages.With the increase of times of irrigation,the number of fertile spikelets increased synchronously,and the number of infertile spikelets decreased synchronously.Compared with DS,WSS can significantly increase the number of tillers in each growing period,increasing by 5%,11%,5%,and 5%,respectively.In different growth stages,the leaf area index under WSS was higher than DS,which increased by 11%,10%,14% and 8% respectively.WSS can significantly improve the amount of dry matter accumulation during each growth period.Under the same irrigation treatment,WSS can significantly increase fertile spikelets and reduce infertile spikelets compared with DS.(3)With the increase of the times of irrigation,the nitrogen accumulation at maturity,the amount of nitrogen before the anthesis,the contribution of nitrogen accumulation after flowering to the grain,the nitrogen absorption efficiency and the nitrogen production efficiency increased significantly.The contribution rate of nitrogen accumulation before anthesis to grain decreased.With the increase of irrigation times,the ratio of nitrogen accumulation to whole plant in vegetative organs such as leaves and stems + leaf sheath increased gradually,and the proportion of grain to whole plant decreased gradually.Compared with DS,WSS can significantly increase the amount of nitrogen accumulation amount in each growth period,the amount of nitrogen translocation before anthesis,the amount of nitrogen accumulated after anthesis and its contribution to grain among which nitrogen is accumulated before flowering.The amount of operation increased by 2 kg·hm-2,and the nitrogen accumulation after anthesis increased by 10kg·hm-2.The contribution of nitrogen accumulation after anthesis to grain increased by 5%.(4)With the increase of irrigation times,the number of spikes,grain number per ear,1000-grain weight and winter wheat yield increased simultaneously,and the filling rate increased.The yield was the highest under the treatment of W3,and there was no significant difference between the treatments of W2.Compared with DS,the number of spikes,grain number per spike,1000-grain weight and yield increased under WSS treatment,increasing the number of spikes by 0.22%-8.17%,grain number per ear by1.10%-7.67%,and the 1000-grain weight of 0.75%-2.47%.The yield is increased by 4.63%-7.94%.(5)With the increase of the times of irrigation,the albumin content,globulin content and protein production increased at the same time,and the content of prolamin and gluten content decreased.With the increase of irrigation times,the protein content increased first and then decreased,and the protein content of W1 treatment was the highest.The soluble sugar content in the maturity period increased synchronously with the increase of the times of irrigation.During the maturity period,the starch content and sucrose content of the grain increased first and then decreased with the increase of irrigation times.The W2 treatment was the highest,and the index values were 33.6 mg·g-1 and 75.3%,respectively.The dry and wet gluten content and sedimentation value increase with the increase of irrigation times.With the increase of irrigation times,the water absorption rate,dough formation time and dough stability time increase simultaneously,and the degree of weakening decreases with the increase of irrigation times.The peak viscosity,retention viscosity,rebound value,final viscosity and peak time increase with the number of irrigation times reduce.Compared to DS,WSS increase albumin content,globulin content and protein content,protein yield,soluble sugar,sucrose content and starch content.(6)The content of nitrate nitrogen in the anthesis and maturity stages decreased first and then increased.With the increase of the times of irrigation,the nitrate nitrogen is transferred to the deep soil.With the increase of irrigation amount,the nitrate content in the 0-100 cm soil layer showed a downward trend;the nitrate content in the 100-200 cm soil layer showed an upward trend.The nitrate nitrogen content at anthesis stage has a peak of accumulation in the 120-140 soil layer.During the maturity period,there is a cumulative peak in the 140-160 soil layer.In summary,WSS sowing method technique of winter wheat is beneficial to promote water consumption in the later stage of growth,improve the utilization rate of natural rainfall,improve water use efficiency,increase the number of group tillers,promote material production,and obtain higher yield and grain protein content.To achieve high yield and high efficiency;and with the increase of irrigation times,compared with W3 treatment,W2 treatment can effectively use irrigation water,rainfall,soil storage water,promote plant growth and development,promote material production,and improve water use efficiency.And the effect of increasing yield is high,and while gaining high yield,it promotes the accumulation of protein,better regulates the quality characteristics of flour,can better achieve the effect of saving water and increasing income,and finally achieves high yield and high quality,so it is suitable for wheat in water.It is the best water-saving irrigation technology model for planting. |
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