Suitable Ecological Regionalization Of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen In The Hebei Province

Ziziphi Spinosae Semen is the dried seeds of the Ziziphus jujuba Mill.var.Spinosa(Bunge)Hu ex H.F.Chow,which has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine.Ziziphi Spinosae Semen is contained in the “Shen Nong's Herbal Classic” and is listed as the best quality.It nourishes the heart,reduces sweat,and promotes the body.Modern pharmacological studies have shown that Ziziphi Spinosae Semen mainly contains flavonoids,saponins,alkaloids,and fatty oils.Flavonoids and saponin components,such as spinosin,jujube saponin A,and jujube saponin B are medicinal substances with sedative,hypnotic,and anxiolytic effects,and levels of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen medicinal ingredients are greatly affected by environmental factors.Therefore,studying the relationship between the quality of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen and the ecological environment is important to guarantee the quality of this herbal treatment.Objective: The objective of this research was to investigate habitat suitability for Ziziphi Spinosae Semen and its active ingredient content and related ecological factors.We will use the maximum entropy model method,geographic information system analysis,mathematical statistics,and other modern analytical techniques.Based on the regression analysis and differential analysis of the chemical content and ecological factors,this regionalization research will provide a scientific theoretical basis for the commercial development of the best quality Ziziphi Spinosae Semen.Methods: Samples were collected and processed.In September 2018,40 jujube samples from different producing areas in Hebei Province were collected.The harvested jujube samples all had the pulp separated from the shell to obtain a sample of the Ziziphi Spinosae Semen,and the pulp was dried for use in subsequent experiments.The active ingredient content was determined.High performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)was used to simultaneously determine the content of three active ingredients(spinosin,jujube saponin A,and jujube saponin B)in Ziziphi Spinosae Semen.The habitat suitability for Ziziphi Spinosae Semen was studied.The sampling points' longitude and latitude geographical information and related ecological factor data including topography,climate,and soil type were collected,and GIS technology and the Maxent model of maximum information entropy were used together to analyze and model the data.The potential distribution of medicinal materials was studied by region,and the main ecological factors affecting the distribution of medicinal materials in Ziziphi Spinosae Semen were determined to show the habitat suitability of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen medicinal materials.The quality of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen based on its active ingredients was studied.Correlation analysis was performed on the active constituent content in Ziziphi Spinosae Semen and the topography,climate,and soil ecological factors,the influence of these ecological factors on the active constituent content in Ziziphi Spinosae Semen and the suitability classification were further analyzed.Combined with the spatial distribution of ecological factors in Hebei Province,ArcGIS software was used to analyze the ecological factor regionalization map for the active constituents of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen.Results: The active constituent content in Ziziphi Spinosae Semen was determined.The HPLC-ELSD method was used to establish a stable and feasible method to determine spinosin,jujube saponin A,and jujube saponin B levels.The content of active ingredients in the Ziziphi Spinosae Semen from different habitats varied greatly.The content of spinosin was 0.081–0.169%,that of jujube saponin A was 0.037–0.083%,and that of jujube saponin B was0.024–0.047%.The highest active ingredient content in Ziziphi Spinosae Semen was produced in Xingtai.The suitability of the habitat for Ziziphi Spinosae Semen was studied.The ecological factors that have a significant impact on the habitat of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen are as follows: slope,Soil type,aspect,wetest season average temperature,coldest season average temperature,Soil geological classification,dryest season average temperature,annual average precipitation,altitude.The quality of the active ingredients in Ziziphi Spinosae Semen was studied.There are four ecological factors affecting the quality of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen: altitude,average annual precipitation,coldest season average temperature,and wetest season average temperatureannual.The differences among different eco-factor groups were significant: the highest content of active ingredient in Ziziphi Spinosae Semen was highest at 100–300 m and lowest at 100 m;and the highest content of active ingredients in Ziziphi Spinosae Semen was found when the average annual precipitation was500–550 mm,and the content decreased significantly when the average annual precipitation exceeded 600 mm.The content of active components in Ziziphi Spinosae Semen was the highest when the average temperature was higher than-1? in the coldest season and the lowest when it was less than-7?,and the content of effective components in Ziziphi Spinosae Semen was the highest when the average temperature in wet season was greater than 25?and the lowest when it was less than 21?.The most suitable areas for the cultivation of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen are the mountainous areas of Xingtai and Shijiazhuang in Hebei Province,followed by the mountainous areas of Handan,Zhangjiakou,Chengde,and Baoding.Conclusion: In this study,the HPLC-ELSD method was used to simultaneously determine the content of the active ingredients spinosin,jujube saponin A,and jujube saponin B in Ziziphi Spinosae Semen from different producing areas,and the quality of medicinal materials in Ziziphi Spinosae Semen in different producing areas was evaluated.Using a combination of GIS technology and the Maxent model of maximum information entropy,the habitat suitability of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen was studied.The effect of ecological factors on the content of active constituents in Ziziphi SpinosaeSemen was also analyzed,and the relationship between the quality of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen and ecological factors was established.The model and the ecological suitability regionalization of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen were studied,and the results provide a theoretical basis for cultivation of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen.