| Grassland is one of the most widely distributed terrestrial ecosystems on the earth's surface.Its total area accounts for about 20% of the global total land area.China's grassland area is nearly 400 million hectares,accounting for more than 40% of China's land area.Grassland resources are the largest regenerative natural resources in terrestrial green plant resources,and provide abundant products and services for human beings,such as purifying air,conserving water resources,preventing wind and fixing sand,improving soil,maintaining and promoting species diversity,and enriching natural protection barriers for wild animals and plants.However,with the rapid development of China's economy and the impact of global climate change,grassland degradation in China has become very serious.According to statistics,China's seriously degraded grassland has reached nearly 180 million hectares.Grassland degradation is caused by many factors,which can be divided into natural factors and human factors.The main natural factors are climate change,drought,gale and water shortage.For example,the trend of warming climate change will delay the greening period of forage;at the same time,it will advance the withered and yellow period of forage,and the growth cycle of forage cannot be completed,which will lead to the decline of grass yield and the shortage of grass.This trend of climate change is extremely harmful to the growth of vegetation widely distributed in alpine grassland and alpine meadow.The increase of temperature,especially the high temperature in summer,increases the evaporation of water and the drying index of grassland,while the precipitation in the same period remains unchanged or even decreases,which will result in the degradation of vegetation due to drought.The main human factor are over-reclamation and overgrazing.There are two main ways of grassland degradation caused by human activities: first,human activities lead to the destruction of vegetation and soil elements on the surface,which accelerates wind erosion and leads to grassland desertification degradation;second,inappropriate human activities lead to the decline of soil fertility,which further leads to grassland degradation.The problem of grassland degradation in China has attracted great attention of the country,and a series of policies and measures have been formulated and implemented to prevent grassland degradation.For example,in 2000,the state invested a large amount of funds to implement the project of returning grazing to grassland,and in 2003,it launched a comprehensive project,including the policy of forbidding grazing and resting grazing.In 2011,an award mechanism for grassland ecological protection was established in an all-round way.The main contents of the subsidy and incentive policy include: the implementation of forbidden grazing subsidies,the implementation of balanced awards for grass and livestock,the implementation of the subsidy for improved varieties of pasture,the implementation of the subsidy for improved varieties of livestock,and the implementation of the policy of productive subsidy for herdsmen.Under the background of implementing the subsidy and reward policy,although many scholars have found that these policies can effectively restrain the increase of livestock,relieve the pressure of natural grassland,and contribute to the ecological restoration of grassland,some scholars have also found that these policies may still increase the number of livestock raised by farmers and herdsmen,thus putting more pressure on grasslands and further degrading the already fragile grasslands.(only qualitative research).The Tibetan Plateau is known as the "roof of the world" and "the third pole of the earth".It is also the "river source","ecological source" and the important strategic base of water resources security in China even in Asia.As a "sensitive area" and "sensor" of climate change in Asia and even the northern hemisphere,the Tibetan Plateau is an important barrier to ensure the stability of the climate system.Therefore,it is necessary to analyze whether grassland subsidy has an impact on the number of livestock,and to quantitatively analyze the factors affecting the number of livestock,so as to provide theoretical basis for restoring and strengthening grassland ecological environment and formulating reasonable and perfect subsidy and incentive policies.This is not only conducive to the rational use of fiscal revenue and cost savings,but also conducive to strengthening the ecological construction and environmental protection of the Tibetan Plateau.It is of great practical significance and far-reaching historical significance for safeguarding national ecological security,promoting border stability and national unity,promoting social progress and building a well-off society in an all-round way.In view of this,this paper takes the Pengqu River Basin in the Tibetan Plateau as the research area,using 702 questionnaires of farmers and herdsmen households in this area,through statistical analysis of the characteristics of farmers and herdsmen,and quantitative analysis of the impact of grassland subsidies on the number of livestock.The results are as follows:(1)Farmers and herdsmen in the Pengqu River Basin breed various types of livestock,and the livestock raising is very common.The most important livestock are cows,sheep,horses and goats.A total of 683 farmers and herdsmen raised livestock,accounting for 97.29% of the total sample households.Only 19 farmers and herdsmen did not raise any livestock,accounting for 2.71% of the total sample households.Most households raise less than 100 livestock,with the largest number of 335.67 livestock.Overbreeding of livestock will have a certain impact on the area of local grassland and the quality of forage.(2)The Pengqu River Basin is a typical farming and pastoral area in the Tibetan Plateau.In order to curb the further degradation of grassland and ensure its sustainable development,and control the number of local livestock,the state and government has given certain pasture subsidies to local farmers and herdsmen who own grasslands.The average amount of grassland subsidy for the sample farmer and herdsman households in the study area was 2450.47 yuan,and the highest one was 31587.00 yuan.Among them,87 households do not have pasture subsidy,and the difference in the amount of subsidy mainly comes from the size of their pasture.(3)Whether the number of livestock raised by farmers and herdsmen will change in the study area is affected by many factors.The core variable of grassland subsidy is positively correlated with the change of the number of livestock.In the control variables,the number of household labor force,the proportion of training and land area are positively correlated with the change of the number of livestock,while the proportion of equipment is negatively correlated with it.(4)The number of livestock raised by farmers and herdsmen in the study area is also affected by many factors.The core variable of grassland subsidy has a significant positive impact on the number of livestock,indicating that the more grassland subsidy in this area,the more the local farmers and herdsmen raise livestock.In addition,in the control variables,the number of household labor force is positively correlated with the number of livestock,while the education level of labor force,the proportion of part-time workers and non-agricultural total income are negatively correlated with it. |
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