| The mode of modern dwarf anvil close planting is the main direction of apple development in the world.The trial in gansu province jing ning apple industry technology of out comprehensive experimental station orchard.This experiment takes M.robusta Rehd,as the rootstock,on whicn grafting SH1,Y-1,B9,T337 and M26 as interstocks,grafting "Nagano Fuji No.2 " dwarf seedlings as test materials.During the growing season of fruit trees,the nutritional growth and structural composition of the trees were investigated.The anatomical structure of the leaves were observed by paraffin section method and optical microscope.At the same time,the physiological active substances,photosynthetic characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of the leaves were measured.1.The structural composition of trees with different anvil and spike combinations was significantly different: the tree height,number of central trunk branches and crown diameter amplitude of T5 were significantly higher than that of T2 and T4,while the dry height was significantly reduced.The total number of branches,proportion of long branches and proportion of medium branches under T3 were significantly higher than that under T2 and T4,while the proportion of short branches was significantly reduced.The length and coarseness of new shoot in T4 were significantly higher than other treatments.The difference of internode length between different anvil and spike combinations was not significant.T4-treated interstock/variety dry-diameter roughness ratio was the largest,T1 was the smallest.According to the comprehensive evaluation,the dwarfing effect of five different anvil and spike combinations was T2 > T4 > T3 > T1 > T5.2.The quality and anatomical structure of leaves with different anvil and spike combinations were significantly different: The length and area of leaves T1 and T3 were significantly larger than other treatments.There were no significant differences in leaf width and leaf shape index between different anvil and spike combinations.The fresh and dry weight of T4 and T2 were significantly higher than T1,T3 and T5.The dry and fresh ratio of T1 was significantly higher than that of T4 and T5.The palisade tissue thickness and sponge tissue thickness in T2 and T4 were significantly higher than those in T3 and T5,the palisade sea ratio in T2 and T4 was significantly higher than that in T3.The difference of leaf thickness and SR between different anvil and spike combinations was not significant.The stomatal densities of T1 and T5 were significantly higher than T2.After comprehensive analysis,the mass and anatomical thickness of leaves treated with T2 and T4 were significantly higher than other treatments.3.Physiological activities and nutrients in leaves of different anvil and spike combinations were significantly different: SOD and POD under T2 treatment were significantly increased,while SOD and POD under T5 treatment were significantly decreased.CAT and MAD were significantly increased in T1,CAT and MDA were significantly decreased in T2 and T4.The content of soluble sugar,soluble protein,proline and starch in T2 and T4 increased significantly,T1 significantly decreased.It was concluded comprehensively that the physiological effects and nutrient levels of leaves with different anvil and spike combinations were successively T2 > T4 > T5 > T3 > T1.4.The light and parameters of the leaves of different rootstocks were significantly different.The Pn of T4 was the highest,the Pn of T2 was the second,the Tr and Ci of T3 were the highest,but the Pn and WUE of T3 were the lowest.The photosynthetic characteristics of different dwarf intermediate anvils on the leaves of“Nagano Fuji No.2” apple were most significant with T2 and T4.It is concluded that the photosynthetic characteristics of leaves treated with different rootstock combinations are T2>T4>T5>T3>T1.5.Effects of diurnal changes of photosynthesis in leaves of different anvil and spike combinations: Pn of different anvil and spike combinations showed a double-peak curve change type,and there was an obvious phenomenon of photosynthesis "lunch break",and the first peak appeared at 11:00 and the second peak at 15:00.The daily variation of Gs in different anvil and spike combinations was obviously different.The daily variation of Gs in T3 and T4 anvil and spike combinations presented a bimodal curve,while the daily variation of Gs in T1,T2 and T5 anvil and spike combinations showed a trend of rising first and then falling,and the Gs in each treatment reached the highest value at 13:00.The diurnal variation of Ci generally shows a W shape,reaching the first peak at 13:00 and the second peak at 15:00.The diurnal variation of Tr and the diurnal variation of Pn were obviously different.The diurnal variation of Tr in the treatment of different ankle-spike combinations presented a single peak curve,reaching the peak at 13:00,and the Tr showed a downward trend after 13:00 and finally tended to be flat.With the increase of light intensity and transpiration rate,the diurnal variation of WUE generally presents an M-shaped shape and reaches its maximum value around 13:00.6.The daily changes of chlorophyll fluorescence effect on different rootstock combinations: The daily variation of Fo and Fm of the five different apple rootstock combinations showed a pattern of decline-up-down,which reached the highest value in the whole day at 9:00,and decreased to the lowest value in the whole day at 13:00.After 13:00,Fo and Fm slowly rise to 15:00 and then start to fall.The daily variation of Fv/Fm increases with the increase of light intensity and temperature.Fv/Fm reaches the first peak at 11:00,and Fv/Fm decreases to the minimum of the whole day at 13:00.Later 13:00,as the light intensity weakened and the temperature decreased,the Fv/Fm gradually rose to the second peak.The PI daily changes of different rootstock combinations showed the same trend.At 9:00 in the morning,the PI reaches the minimum value of the whole day.After that,the PI gradually increases with the increase of light intensity and temperature.7.Fruit quality of different anvil and spike combinations showed significant differences: fruit hardness and soluble solids T2 and T4 were significantly higher than those T1 and T3,and fruit shape index treated by T2 and T4 was significantly higher than that T1,T3 and T5.The total soluble sugar and titratable acid treated with T2 and T4 were significantly higher than those treated with T1 and T3.The results showed that the fruit appearance quality and internal quality of different anvil and spike combinations were T4 > T2 > T5 > T1 > T3. |
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